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Each trustee shall hold office as a member of the Board for a term of 6 years\"","basis":"statute","source":"20260908_phase_d3_seats"},"seatsAppointed":36},"48806e31":{"id":"48806e31","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-president-of-the-united-states","toId":"us-legal-services-corporation","metadata":{"cite":"42 U.S.C. 2996c(a)","note":"\"a Board of Directors consisting of eleven voting members appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, no more than six of whom shall be of the same political party. A majority shall be members of the bar of the highest court of any State\"","basis":"statute","source":"20260908_phase_d3_seats"},"seatsAppointed":11},"0dab0a22":{"id":"0dab0a22","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-president-of-the-united-states","toId":"us-state-justice-institute","metadata":{"cite":"42 U.S.C. 10703(a)(2)(A), (3)","note":"\"eleven voting members to be appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate\"; \"(A) six judges, to be appointed in the manner provided in paragraph (3)\": from a list submitted by the Conference of Chief Justices","basis":"statute","source":"20260908_phase_d3_seats"},"seatsAppointed":11},"37fd93ac":{"id":"37fd93ac","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-president-of-the-united-states","toId":"us-united-states-holocaust-memorial-museum","metadata":{"cite":"36 U.S.C. 2302(b)","note":"\"The Council shall consist of 65 voting members appointed (except as otherwise provided in this section) by the President\"","basis":"statute","source":"20260908_phase_d3_seats"},"seatsAppointed":55},"e084e294":{"id":"e084e294","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-president-of-the-united-states","toId":"us-united-states-institute-of-peace","metadata":{"cite":"22 U.S.C. 4605(b)(4)","note":"\"(4) Twelve individuals appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate\"","basis":"statute","source":"20260908_phase_d3_seats"},"seatsAppointed":12},"0f6c4a1d":{"id":"0f6c4a1d","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-president-of-the-united-states","toId":"us-woodrow-wilson-international-center-for-scholars","metadata":{"cite":"20 U.S.C. 80f(b)(8)","note":"\"(8) one member appointed by the President from time to time from within the Federal Government\"","basis":"statute","source":"20260908_phase_d3_seats"},"seatsAppointed":10},"ee79da22":{"id":"ee79da22","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-president-of-the-united-states","toId":"us-united-states-access-board","metadata":{"cite":"29 U.S.C. 792(a)(1)(A)","note":"\"Thirteen members shall be appointed by the President from among members of the general public of whom at least a majority shall be individuals with disabilities\"","basis":"statute","source":"20260908_phase_d3_seats"},"seatsAppointed":13},"30c85988":{"id":"30c85988","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-president-of-the-united-states","toId":"us-administrative-conference-of-the-united-states","metadata":{"cite":"5 U.S.C. 595(b)","note":"\"The Conference includes a Council composed of the Chairman of the Conference, who is Chairman of the Council, and 10 other members appointed by the President, of whom not more than one-half shall be employees of Federal regulatory agencies or Executive departments\"","basis":"statute","source":"20260908_phase_d3_seats"},"seatsAppointed":10},"f020c466":{"id":"f020c466","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-president-of-the-united-states","toId":"us-united-states-postal-service","metadata":{"cite":"39 U.S.C. 202(a)(1)","note":"\"a Board of Governors composed of 11 members appointed in accordance with this section. Nine of the members, to be known as Governors, shall be appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, not more than 5 of whom may be adherents of the same political party\"","basis":"statute","source":"20260908_phase_d3_seats"},"seatsAppointed":9},"87eca665":{"id":"87eca665","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-president-of-the-united-states","toId":"us-james-madison-memorial-fellowship-foundation","metadata":{"cite":"20 U.S.C. 4502(b)(1)(A)","note":"\"Two Members of the Senate, of different political parties, shall be appointed by the President upon the recommendation of the President pro tempore of the Senate\"","basis":"statute","source":"20260908_phase_d3_seats"},"seatsAppointed":12},"6bfae81a":{"id":"6bfae81a","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-president-of-the-united-states","toId":"us-united-states-court-of-appeals-for-the-federal-circuit","metadata":{"cite":"28 U.S.C. 44(a)","note":"\"The President shall appoint, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, circuit judges for the several circuits as follows: ... 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\"the voting members shall be appointed by the President of the United States ... from among individuals from private life who are Indians, or other individuals, widely recognized in the field of Indian art and culture\"","basis":"statute","source":"20260908_phase_d3_seats"},"seatsAppointed":13},"082ac13d":{"id":"082ac13d","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-president-of-the-united-states","toId":"us-surface-transportation-board","metadata":{"cite":"49 U.S.C. 1301(b)(1)","note":"\"The Board shall consist of 5 members, to be appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate. Not more than 3 members may be appointed from the same political party.\"","basis":"statute","issue":"264","source":"20260909_seat_coverage_264"},"seatsAppointed":5},"54b8e6ab":{"id":"54b8e6ab","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-president-of-the-united-states","toId":"us-director-of-the-national-institute-of-food-and-agriculture","metadata":{"url":"https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title7-section6971&num=0&edition=prelim","cite":"7 U.S.C. 6971(f)(3)(A)","note":"Scaffold's Secretary of Agriculture is wrong. The task hint's 6971(c) is the wrong subsection (c is the Chief Scientist); NIFA is subsection (f). 6971(f)(3)(B): 'The Director shall report directly to the Secretary, or the designee of the Secretary.' 6971(f)(3)(C)(i): 'serve for a 6-year term, subject to reappointment for an additional 6-year term'. No Senate confirmation clause. 7 U.S.C. 6912(a)(2)(A) makes the Secretary's delegation authority subject to 6971(f). USDA release 2025-04-14 lists 'Dr. Jaye L. Hamby Appointed as Director of National Institute of Food and Agriculture' among presidential appointments.","basis":"statute","issue":"243","quote":"The Institute shall be headed by a Director, who shall be an individual who is- (i) a distinguished scientist; and (ii) appointed by the President.","source":"20260909_wave_appointer_cites","repointed_from":"us-secretary-of-agriculture","repointed_reason":"complete-government scaffold proposed this appointer; the cited clause names another"},"seatsAppointed":1},"b800d78f":{"id":"b800d78f","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-president-of-the-united-states","toId":"us-chairman-of-the-joint-chiefs-of-staff","metadata":{"cite":"10 U.S.C. 152(a)(1)","note":"appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, from the officers of the regular components of the armed forces","basis":"statute","source":"20260909_joint_chiefs"},"seatsAppointed":1},"8b147820":{"id":"8b147820","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-president-of-the-united-states","toId":"us-joint-chiefs-of-staff","metadata":{"cite":"10 U.S.C. 152(a)(1)","note":"appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, from the officers of the regular components of the armed forces","basis":"statute","source":"20260909_joint_chiefs"},"seatsAppointed":2},"e14e85ff":{"id":"e14e85ff","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-president-of-the-united-states","toId":"us-chief-of-staff-of-the-army","metadata":{"cite":"10 U.S.C. 7033(a)(1)","note":"appointed for a period of four years by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, from the general officers of the Army","basis":"statute","source":"20260909_joint_chiefs"},"seatsAppointed":1},"2b79276a":{"id":"2b79276a","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-president-of-the-united-states","toId":"us-chief-of-naval-operations","metadata":{"cite":"10 U.S.C. 8033(a)(1)","note":"appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate","basis":"statute","source":"20260909_joint_chiefs"},"seatsAppointed":1},"5bb320ea":{"id":"5bb320ea","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-president-of-the-united-states","toId":"us-chief-of-staff-of-the-air-force","metadata":{"cite":"10 U.S.C. 9033(a)(1)","note":"appointed for a period of four years by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, from the general officers of the Air Force","basis":"statute","source":"20260909_joint_chiefs"},"seatsAppointed":1},"2bb6d5ed":{"id":"2bb6d5ed","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-president-of-the-united-states","toId":"us-administrator-of-the-office-of-juvenile-justice-and-delinquency-prevention","metadata":{"url":"https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title34-section11111&num=0&edition=prelim","cite":"34 U.S.C. 11111(b)","note":"Scaffold said Attorney General; the statute says the President alone (Pub. L. 112-166 struck advice and consent, effective 60 days after Aug. 10, 2012, per the effective-date note on the same page). 11111(c) has the Attorney General appoint the Deputy Administrator. 11111(b) also: 'The Administrator shall have the same reporting relationship with the Attorney General as the directors of other offices and bureaus within the Office of Justice Programs have.'","basis":"statute","issue":"243","quote":"The Office shall be headed by an Administrator (hereinafter in this subchapter referred to as the \"Administrator\") appointed by the President from among individuals who have had experience in juvenile justice programs.","source":"20260909_wave_appointer_cites","repointed_from":"us-attorney-general","repointed_reason":"complete-government scaffold proposed this appointer; the cited clause names another"},"seatsAppointed":1},"4280d50b":{"id":"4280d50b","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-president-of-the-united-states","toId":"us-administrator-of-the-rural-utilities-service","metadata":{"url":"https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title7-section6942&num=0&edition=prelim","cite":"7 U.S.C. 6942(b)(1)","note":"Scaffold's Secretary of Agriculture is wrong. 6942(a): 'The Secretary shall establish and maintain within the Department the Rural Utilities Service'. 7 U.S.C. 6912(a)(2)(A) makes the Secretary's reorganization/delegation authority 'subject to' section 6942. No Senate confirmation clause; 6942(b)(2) caps pay at the SES maximum. USDA release 2025-06-25 lists 'Karl Elmshaeuser Appointed as Administrator, Rural Utilities Service' as a presidential appointment, consistent with the statute.","basis":"statute","issue":"243","quote":"The Rural Utilities Service shall be headed by an Administrator who shall be appointed by the President.","source":"20260909_wave_appointer_cites","repointed_from":"us-secretary-of-agriculture","repointed_reason":"complete-government scaffold proposed this appointer; the cited clause names another"},"seatsAppointed":1},"dc1971ca":{"id":"dc1971ca","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-president-of-the-united-states","toId":"us-associate-commissioner-of-the-children-s-bureau","metadata":{"url":"https://acf.gov/acyf/about","cite":"ACF, 'About ACYF' (acf.gov/acyf/about), fetched 2026-09-09","note":"Statute: 42 U.S.C. 192 still reads 'The Children's Bureau shall be under the direction of a chief, to be appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate.' (fetched https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title42-section192&num=0&edition=prelim), but that PAS 'chief' office is not the position filled today; the head is a non-PAS Associate Commissioner. Reorg. Plan No. 1 of 1953 sec. 5 (note under 42 U.S.C. 3501, fetched https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title42-section3501&num=0&edition=prelim): 'All agencies of the Federal Security Agency, together with their respective functions, personnel ... are hereby transferred to the Department.' ACYF Statement of Organization, 88 FR 17230 (Mar. 22, 2023, fetched https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2023-03-22/html/2023-05366.htm): 'The Children's Bureau (CB) is headed by an Associate Commissioner who advises the Commissioner, ACYF' - reporting line only. Named appointment: ACF release 'ACF Announces Key Appointments to Advance Trump Administration Priorities' (Apr. 6, 2026, https://acf.gov/media/press/2026/acf-announces-key-appointments-advance-trump-administration-priorities): 'announced key political appointments ... Ryan Hanlon serves as associate commissioner of the Children's Bureau' - names no appointing officer. The 'About ACYF' page is ACF's own structural statement, not a dated appointment notice; graded announcement rather than instrument. Scaffold's Commissioner on Children, Youth, and Families is the reporting line, not the appointer.","basis":"announcement","issue":"243","quote":"Presidentially appointed CB and FYSB Associate Commissioners report to the ACYF Commissioner and intentionally collaborate to achieve ACYF goals.","source":"20260909_wave_appointer_cites","repointed_from":"us-commissioner-on-children-youth-and-families","repointed_reason":"complete-government scaffold proposed this appointer; the cited clause names another"},"seatsAppointed":1},"08713587":{"id":"08713587","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-president-of-the-united-states","toId":"us-director-of-the-bureau-of-justice-assistance","metadata":{"url":"https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title34-section10141&num=0&edition=prelim","cite":"34 U.S.C. 10141(b)","note":"Scaffold said Attorney General; the statute says the President alone (Pub. L. 112-166 effective-date note on the same page). A note on the page records that effective Aug. 1, 2000 most functions of the BJA Director were transferred to the Assistant Attorney General for OJP (Pub. L. 106-113), which does not change the appointer.","basis":"statute","issue":"243","quote":"The Bureau shall be headed by a Director (hereafter in this subchapter referred to as the \"Director\") who shall be appointed by the President. The Director shall report to the Attorney General through the Assistant Attorney General.","source":"20260909_wave_appointer_cites","repointed_from":"us-attorney-general","repointed_reason":"complete-government scaffold proposed this appointer; the cited clause names another"},"seatsAppointed":1},"7febe297":{"id":"7febe297","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-president-of-the-united-states","toId":"us-director-of-the-defense-health-agency","metadata":{"url":"https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title10-section601&num=0&edition=prelim","cite":"10 U.S.C. 601(a); DoD Directive 5136.13, 'Defense Health Agency (DHA)', Sept. 30, 2013, para. 4.c.(1)","note":"10 U.S.C. 1073c (scaffold's cite, fetched) is silent on the appointer; 1073c(a) (added by Pub. L. 119-60 sec. 711, 2025) reads only: '(1) There is in the Defense Health Agency a Director. (2) The Director of the Defense Health Agency shall- (A) be a military officer and hold a rank that is the same or greater than the rank of any officer serving as the Surgeon General of a military department under section 7036, 8031, or 9036 of this title; and (B) have joint experience.' The link from the office to 601(a) is the DoD directive, fetched from https://dam.defense.gov/Portals/47/Documents/PDSD/513613p.pdf (esd.whs.mil copy returns 403), para. 4.c.(1): 'A Director, who is recommended by and reports to the ASD(HA). Unless otherwise determined by the Secretary of Defense, the Director, DHA, is appointed in accordance with section 601 of Reference (a) as a general or flag officer in the grade of Lieutenant General or Vice Admiral and published on the Joint Duty Assignment List (JDAL) in accordance with DoD Instruction (DoDI) 1300.19 (Reference (e)).' Reference (a) is 'Title 10, United States Code' (para. 1). So the President assigns the officer to the position and the officer's three-star grade for that position is confirmed by the Senate; corroborated by the DoD story on the current-until-2025 Director (https://www.war.gov/News/News-Stories/Article/Article/3260136/dha-will-serve-anytime-anywhere-always-says-new-director/): 'The Senate confirmed her promotion to lieutenant general'. The Secretary of Defense's role is the 'unless otherwise determined' reservation and the nomination pipeline (the ASD(HA) recommends), not appointment. pas is set true because the position-linked grade appointment is by and with Senate consent; if the graph treats detail-to-position separately from grade, record as presidential without Senate. The DoD nomination release for the specific 2022 Crosland nomination was not located on war.gov.","basis":"statute","issue":"243","quote":"The President may designate positions of importance and responsibility to carry the grade of general or admiral or lieutenant general or vice admiral. The President may assign to any such position an officer of the Army, Navy, Air Force, Marine Corps, or Space Force who is serving on active duty in any grade above colonel or, in the case of an officer of the Navy, any grade above captain. An officer assigned to any such position has the grade specified for that position if he is appointed to that grade by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate.","source":"20260909_wave_appointer_cites","repointed_from":"us-secretary-of-defense","repointed_reason":"complete-government scaffold proposed this appointer; the cited clause names another"},"seatsAppointed":1},"0d0d5506":{"id":"0d0d5506","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-president-of-the-united-states","toId":"us-director-of-the-office-for-victims-of-crime","metadata":{"url":"https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title34-section20111&num=0&edition=prelim","cite":"34 U.S.C. 20111(b)","note":"Scaffold said Attorney General; the statute says the President alone (Pub. L. 112-166 effective-date note on the same page: applicable to appointments made on and after 60 days after Aug. 10, 2012).","basis":"statute","issue":"243","quote":"The Office shall be headed by a Director (referred to in this subchapter as the \"Director\"), who shall be appointed by the President. The Director shall report to the Attorney General through the Assistant Attorney General for the Office of Justice Programs and shall have final authority for all grants, cooperative agreements, and contracts awarded by the Office.","source":"20260909_wave_appointer_cites","repointed_from":"us-attorney-general","repointed_reason":"complete-government scaffold proposed this appointer; the cited clause names another"},"seatsAppointed":1},"b620ea59":{"id":"b620ea59","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-president-of-the-united-states","toId":"us-director-of-the-smart-office","metadata":{"url":"https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title34-section20945&num=0&edition=prelim","cite":"34 U.S.C. 20945(b)","note":"Scaffold cite 34 U.S.C. 20911 is wrong: it is SORNA's definitions section (fetched, 'Relevant definitions, including Amie Zyla expansion...'). The office is created by 34 U.S.C. 20945 (SORNA sec. 146). Scaffold appointer Attorney General is wrong; the President appoints. The group's legal_source should be corrected to 20945 as well.","basis":"statute","issue":"243","quote":"The SMART Office shall be headed by a Director who shall be appointed by the President. The Director shall report to the Attorney General through the Assistant Attorney General for the Office of Justice Programs and shall have final authority for all grants, cooperative agreements, and contracts awarded by the SMART Office.","source":"20260909_wave_appointer_cites","repointed_from":"us-attorney-general","repointed_reason":"complete-government scaffold proposed this appointer; the cited clause names another"},"seatsAppointed":1},"c94c31ec":{"id":"c94c31ec","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-president-of-the-united-states","toId":"us-superintendent-of-the-united-states-air-force-academy","metadata":{"url":"https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title10-section9433&num=0&edition=prelim","cite":"10 U.S.C. 9433(a)","note":"Detail by the President, not appointment by the Secretary of the Air Force. Scaffold's cite '10 U.S.C. 9411 et seq' is wrong: chapter 953 (USAFA) begins at 9431 ('Establishment; Superintendent; faculty'); 9413 is the AFIT establishment section in chapter 951. Not PAS: 9433(b), (c) reserve Senate confirmation for the permanent professors and the director of admissions. The 1956 revision note on the same page says 'the word \"detailed\" is substituted for the word \"selected\", since historically the offices of superintendent and commandant of cadets have been filled by detail.'","basis":"statute","issue":"243","quote":"The Superintendent and the Commandant of Cadets of the Academy shall be detailed to those positions by the President from the officers of the Air Force or the Space Force.","source":"20260909_wave_appointer_cites","repointed_from":"us-secretary-of-the-air-force","repointed_reason":"complete-government scaffold proposed this appointer; the cited clause names another"},"seatsAppointed":1},"711b7a6a":{"id":"711b7a6a","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-president-of-the-united-states","toId":"us-superintendent-of-the-united-states-military-academy","metadata":{"url":"https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title10-section7433&num=0&edition=prelim","cite":"10 U.S.C. 7433(a)","note":"The verb is 'detailed', not 'appointed', and the detailing authority is the President, not the Secretary of the Army. The Secretary of the Army's role is 10 U.S.C. 7434(a) (fetched): 'The supervision and charge of the Academy is in the Department of the Army, under officers of the Army detailed to that duty by the Secretary of the Army.' and 7431(a): 'The organization of the Academy shall be prescribed by the Secretary of the Army.' Scaffold's cite '10 U.S.C. 7401 et seq' is wrong: chapter 753 (USMA) begins at 7431; 7401 is in chapter 751. Not PAS: only the permanent professors and the director of admissions are appointed by the President with Senate consent (7433(b), (c)).","basis":"statute","issue":"243","quote":"The Superintendent and the Commandant of Cadets of the Academy shall be detailed to those positions by the President from any branch of the Army. Other officers on duty at the Academy, except the permanent professors, may be detailed from any branch of the Army.","source":"20260909_wave_appointer_cites","repointed_from":"us-secretary-of-the-army","repointed_reason":"complete-government scaffold proposed this appointer; the cited clause names another"},"seatsAppointed":1},"9c98c092":{"id":"9c98c092","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-president-of-the-united-states","toId":"us-council-on-environmental-quality","metadata":{"cite":"42 U.S.C. 4342","note":"\"The Council shall be composed of three members who shall be appointed by the President to serve at his pleasure, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate. The President shall designate one of the members of the Council to serve as Chairman.\"","basis":"statute","issue":"264","source":"20260909_seat_coverage_264"},"seatsAppointed":3},"94e7871c":{"id":"94e7871c","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-president-of-the-united-states","toId":"us-securities-and-exchange-commission","metadata":{"cite":"15 U.S.C. 78d(a)","note":"\"There is hereby established a Securities and Exchange Commission ... to be composed of five commissioners to be appointed by the President by and with the advice and consent of the Senate.\"","basis":"statute","issue":"264","source":"20260909_seat_coverage_264"},"seatsAppointed":5},"6b33b90c":{"id":"6b33b90c","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-president-of-the-united-states","toId":"us-marine-mammal-commission","metadata":{"cite":"16 U.S.C. 1401(b)(1)","note":"\"the Commission shall be composed of three members who shall be appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate\"","basis":"statute","issue":"264","source":"20260909_seat_coverage_264"},"seatsAppointed":3},"58f3815c":{"id":"58f3815c","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-president-of-the-united-states","toId":"us-arctic-research-commission","metadata":{"cite":"15 U.S.C. 4102(b)(1)(A)","note":"\"four members appointed from among individuals from academic or other research institutions with expertise in areas of research relating to the Arctic\"","basis":"statute","issue":"264","source":"20260909_seat_coverage_264"},"seatsAppointed":7},"2f6b364c":{"id":"2f6b364c","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-president-of-the-united-states","toId":"us-nuclear-waste-technical-review-board","metadata":{"cite":"42 U.S.C. 10262(b)(1)","note":"\"The Board shall consist of 11 members who shall be appointed by the President ... from among persons nominated by the National Academy of Sciences\"","basis":"statute","issue":"264","source":"20260909_seat_coverage_264"},"seatsAppointed":11},"5e26fa23":{"id":"5e26fa23","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-president-of-the-united-states","toId":"us-national-council-on-disability","metadata":{"cite":"29 U.S.C. 780(a)(1)(A)(i)","note":"\"There is established within the Federal Government a National Council on Disability ... which ... shall be composed of 9 members, of which (i) 5 shall be appointed by the President\"","basis":"statute","issue":"264","source":"20260909_seat_coverage_264"},"seatsAppointed":5},"cc979548":{"id":"cc979548","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-president-of-the-united-states","toId":"us-abilityone-commission","metadata":{"cite":"41 U.S.C. 8502(b)(1)(A)","note":"\"The Committee consists of 15 members appointed by the President as follows: (1) One officer or employee from each of the following, nominated by the head of the department or agency: (A) The Department of Agriculture.\"","basis":"statute","issue":"264","source":"20260909_seat_coverage_264"},"seatsAppointed":15},"f3c163dc":{"id":"f3c163dc","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-president-of-the-united-states","toId":"us-united-states-commission-on-international-religious-freedom","metadata":{"cite":"22 U.S.C. 6431(b)(1)(B)(i)","note":"\"Three members of the Commission shall be appointed by the President.\"","basis":"statute","issue":"264","source":"20260909_seat_coverage_264"},"seatsAppointed":3},"056a22e1":{"id":"056a22e1","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-president-of-the-united-states","toId":"us-udall-foundation","metadata":{"cite":"20 U.S.C. 5603(b)(3)","note":"\"Five Trustees, not more than three of whom shall be of the same political party, shall be appointed by the President with the advice and consent of the Senate, who have shown leadership and interest in\" the use of the Nation's natural resources or the health status of Native Americans and Alaska Natives","basis":"statute","issue":"264","source":"20260909_seat_coverage_264"},"seatsAppointed":9},"979ef6b2":{"id":"979ef6b2","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-president-of-the-united-states","toId":"us-commission-for-the-preservation-of-america-s-heritage-abroad","metadata":{"cite":"54 U.S.C. 312303(a)","note":"\"and 7 of whom shall be appointed after consultation with the President pro tempore of the Senate\"","basis":"statute","issue":"264","source":"20260909_seat_coverage_264"},"seatsAppointed":21},"cd9a380c":{"id":"cd9a380c","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-president-of-the-united-states","toId":"us-advisory-council-on-historic-preservation","metadata":{"source":"complete-government scaffold"},"seatsAppointed":18},"4d8f4e9f":{"id":"4d8f4e9f","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-president-of-the-united-states","toId":"us-presidio-trust","metadata":{"cite":"Pub. L. 104-333, div. I, title I, sec. 103(c)(1)(B) (16 U.S.C. 460bb note)","note":"\"6 individuals, who are not employees of the Federal Government, appointed by the President, who shall possess extensive knowledge and experience in one or more of the fields of city planning, finance, real estate development, and resource conservation.\"","basis":"statute","issue":"264","source":"20260909_seat_coverage_264"},"seatsAppointed":6},"e9a92924":{"id":"e9a92924","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-president-of-the-united-states","toId":"us-utah-reclamation-mitigation-and-conservation-commission","metadata":{"url":"https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/STATUTE-106/pdf/STATUTE-106-Pg4600.pdf","cite":"Pub. 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Procedures of the Board of Trustees sec. 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Chain: 2 U.S.C. 1381(b) 'The Board shall consist of 5 individuals appointed jointly by the Speaker of the House of Representatives, the Majority Leader of the Senate, and the Minority Leaders of the House of Representatives and the Senate'; 1381(c) 'The Chair shall be appointed from members of the Board jointly by' the same four leaders. Whether to keep the simplified 'Congress' edge is the graph's call; the scaffold's 'Congress' is not an appointer any source names.","basis":"statute","issue":"243","quote":"The Chair, subject to the approval of the Board, shall appoint and may remove an Executive Director. 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Chain: 2 U.S.C. 1103(b) 'The Center shall be subject to the supervision and direction of a Board of Trustees. The Board shall be composed of seven members' - two appointed by the Senate majority leader, one by the Senate minority leader, two by the Speaker, one by the House minority leader (1103(b)(1)-(4)). The scaffold's target cite 2 U.S.C. 1101 is congressional findings; 1105 (hint) is the trust fund. Whether to keep the simplified 'Congress' edge is the graph's call.","basis":"statute","issue":"243","quote":"There shall be an Executive Director of the Center who shall be appointed by the Board. The Executive Director shall be the chief executive officer of the Center and shall carry out the functions of the Center subject to the supervision and direction of the Board.","source":"20260909_wave_appointer_cites","repointed_from":"us-congress","self_selection":true,"repointed_reason":"complete-government scaffold proposed this appointer; the cited clause names another"},"seatsAppointed":1},"0572c19c":{"id":"0572c19c","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-speaker-of-the-house","toId":"us-john-c-stennis-center-for-public-service","metadata":{"cite":"2 U.S.C. 1103(b)(3)","note":"\"Two members to be appointed by the Speaker of the House of Representatives.\"","basis":"statute","issue":"264","source":"20260909_seat_coverage_264"},"seatsAppointed":2},"e7d47e2e":{"id":"e7d47e2e","type":"dept_head","fromId":"us-john-c-stennis-center-for-public-service","toId":"us-executive-director-of-the-john-c-stennis-center-for-public-service","metadata":{},"seatsAppointed":0},"237f05e0":{"id":"237f05e0","type":"dept_head","fromId":"us-congressional-office-for-international-leadership","toId":"us-executive-director-of-the-congressional-office-for-international-leadership","metadata":{},"seatsAppointed":0},"0d013c3e":{"id":"0d013c3e","type":"dept_head","fromId":"us-office-of-congressional-accessibility-services","toId":"us-director-of-accessibility-services","metadata":{},"seatsAppointed":0},"838d87c0":{"id":"838d87c0","type":"elects","fromId":"us-us-china-economic-and-security-review-commission","toId":"us-chairman-of-the-us-china-economic-and-security-review-commission","metadata":{"url":"https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title22-section7002&num=0&edition=prelim","cite":"22 U.S.C. 7002(b)(5)","note":"Statute says 'select', recorded here as elects. Chain: 22 U.S.C. 7002(b)(3) 'The Commission shall be composed of 12 members, who shall be appointed in the same manner provided for the appointment of members of the Trade Deficit Review Commission under section 127(c)(3) of the Trade Deficit Review Commission Act (19 U.S.C. 2213 note)', i.e. by the Speaker, the President pro tempore on the Senate majority and minority leaders' recommendations, and the House minority leader (7002(b)(3)(A)-(D)). Whether to keep the simplified 'Congress' edge is the graph's call; for the chair the immediate authority is the Commission itself.","basis":"statute","issue":"243","quote":"The members of the Commission shall select a Chairman and Vice Chairman of the Commission from among the members of the Commission.","source":"20260909_wave_appointer_cites","repointed_from":"us-congress","self_selection":true,"repointed_reason":"complete-government scaffold proposed this appointer; the cited clause names another"},"seatsAppointed":1},"6cd8190b":{"id":"6cd8190b","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-speaker-of-the-house","toId":"us-us-china-economic-and-security-review-commission","metadata":{"cite":"22 U.S.C. 7002(b)(3)(A), (F)(i)","note":"\"The Commission shall be composed of 12 members, who shall be appointed in the same manner provided for the appointment of members of the Trade Deficit Review Commission ... each appointing authority ... shall appoint 3 members to the Commission\"; the Speaker of the House appoints after consultation with the chairmen of the Committees on Armed Services and on Ways and Means","basis":"statute","issue":"264","source":"20260909_seat_coverage_264"},"seatsAppointed":3},"ac0d4d0e":{"id":"ac0d4d0e","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-president-pro-tempore","toId":"us-us-china-economic-and-security-review-commission","metadata":{"cite":"22 U.S.C. 7002(b)(3)(B), (C), (F)(i)","note":"\"appointment of members by the President pro tempore of the Senate upon the recommendation of the majority leader of the Senate\" and \"upon the recommendation of the minority leader of the Senate\", three each","basis":"statute","issue":"264","source":"20260909_seat_coverage_264"},"seatsAppointed":6},"77f4b220":{"id":"77f4b220","type":"dept_head","fromId":"us-us-china-economic-and-security-review-commission","toId":"us-chairman-of-the-us-china-economic-and-security-review-commission","metadata":{},"seatsAppointed":0},"499f88a2":{"id":"499f88a2","type":"dept_head","fromId":"us-national-reconnaissance-office","toId":"us-director-of-the-national-reconnaissance-office","metadata":{},"seatsAppointed":0},"3fef2d63":{"id":"3fef2d63","type":"dept_head","fromId":"us-national-counterterrorism-center","toId":"us-director-of-the-national-counterterrorism-center","metadata":{},"seatsAppointed":0},"6bfc35e8":{"id":"6bfc35e8","type":"dept_head","fromId":"us-national-counterintelligence-and-security-center","toId":"us-director-of-the-national-counterintelligence-and-security-center","metadata":{},"seatsAppointed":0},"bc608709":{"id":"bc608709","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-chief-justice-of-the-united-states","toId":"us-foreign-intelligence-surveillance-court","metadata":{"cite":"50 U.S.C. 1803(a)(1)","note":"\"The Chief Justice of the United States shall publicly designate 11 district court judges from at least seven of the United States judicial circuits of whom no fewer than 3 shall reside within 20 miles of the District of Columbia who shall constitute a court\"","basis":"statute","source":"20260908_phase_d3_seats"},"seatsAppointed":11},"6aa9df17":{"id":"6aa9df17","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-chief-justice-of-the-united-states","toId":"us-foreign-intelligence-surveillance-court-of-review","metadata":{"cite":"50 U.S.C. 1803(b)","note":"\"The Chief Justice shall publicly designate three judges, one of whom shall be publicly designated as the presiding judge, from the United States district courts or courts of appeals who together shall comprise a court of review\"","basis":"statute","source":"20260908_phase_d3_seats"},"seatsAppointed":3},"7e413c96":{"id":"7e413c96","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-coast-guard","toId":"us-coast-guard-court-of-criminal-appeals","metadata":{"cite":"10 U.S.C. 866(a); 10 U.S.C. 801(1)","note":"\"Each Judge Advocate General shall establish a Court of Criminal Appeals\"; for the Coast Guard the Judge Advocate General is \"an official designated to serve as Judge Advocate General of the Coast Guard by the Secretary of Homeland Security\" (801(1))","basis":"statute","shape":"the designated Judge Advocate General of the Coast Guard is not a row; edge drawn from the Coast Guard (selection: simplified)","source":"20260908_phase_d3_seats"},"seatsAppointed":0},"430022dd":{"id":"430022dd","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-secretary-of-defense","toId":"us-united-states-court-of-military-commission-review","metadata":{"cite":"10 U.S.C. 950f(b)(2)","note":"\"The Secretary of Defense may assign persons who are appellate military judges to be judges on the Court\"","basis":"statute","shape":"no fixed number of judges: the Court sits in panels of not less than three (950f(a)); no seat rows","source":"20260908_phase_d3_seats"},"seatsAppointed":0},"0dbff8a1":{"id":"0dbff8a1","type":"ex_officio","fromId":"us-secretary-of-the-treasury","toId":"us-federal-financing-bank","metadata":{},"seatsAppointed":0},"b31aa2e0":{"id":"b31aa2e0","type":"dept_head","fromId":"us-commission-for-the-preservation-of-america-s-heritage-abroad","toId":"us-chairman-of-the-commission-for-the-preservation-of-america-s-heritage-abroad","metadata":{},"seatsAppointed":0},"c139db58":{"id":"c139db58","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-president-of-the-united-states","toId":"us-southeast-crescent-regional-commission","metadata":{"source":"complete-government scaffold"},"seatsAppointed":1},"dd247f85":{"id":"dd247f85","type":"confirms","fromId":"us-the-senate","toId":"us-southeast-crescent-regional-commission","metadata":{"source":"complete-government scaffold"},"seatsAppointed":1},"f100df8f":{"id":"f100df8f","type":"dept_head","fromId":"us-southeast-crescent-regional-commission","toId":"us-federal-co-chair-of-the-southeast-crescent-regional-commission","metadata":{},"seatsAppointed":0},"94cd1c60":{"id":"94cd1c60","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-president-of-the-united-states","toId":"us-southwest-border-regional-commission","metadata":{"source":"complete-government scaffold"},"seatsAppointed":1},"39d8b8d4":{"id":"39d8b8d4","type":"confirms","fromId":"us-the-senate","toId":"us-southwest-border-regional-commission","metadata":{"source":"complete-government scaffold"},"seatsAppointed":1},"5829b45e":{"id":"5829b45e","type":"dept_head","fromId":"us-southwest-border-regional-commission","toId":"us-federal-co-chair-of-the-southwest-border-regional-commission","metadata":{},"seatsAppointed":0},"faa4eed7":{"id":"faa4eed7","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-secretary-of-commerce","toId":"us-denali-commission","metadata":{"cite":"Pub. L. 105-277, div. C, title III, sec. 303(b)(1)(A) (42 U.S.C. 3121 note)","note":"\"The Commission shall be composed of 7 members, who shall be appointed by the Secretary of Commerce ... of whom (A) one shall be the Governor of the State of Alaska, or an individual selected from nominations submitted by the Governor, who shall serve as the State Cochairperson\"","basis":"statute","issue":"264","source":"20260909_seat_coverage_264"},"seatsAppointed":6},"6dc6e2cc":{"id":"6dc6e2cc","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-president-of-the-united-states","toId":"us-delta-regional-authority","metadata":{"source":"complete-government scaffold"},"seatsAppointed":1},"f92daa76":{"id":"f92daa76","type":"confirms","fromId":"us-the-senate","toId":"us-delta-regional-authority","metadata":{"source":"complete-government scaffold"},"seatsAppointed":1},"4ae67b9d":{"id":"4ae67b9d","type":"dept_head","fromId":"us-delta-regional-authority","toId":"us-federal-co-chair-of-the-delta-regional-authority","metadata":{},"seatsAppointed":0},"5c1105fd":{"id":"5c1105fd","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-president-of-the-united-states","toId":"us-northern-border-regional-commission","metadata":{"source":"complete-government scaffold"},"seatsAppointed":1},"329cfe96":{"id":"329cfe96","type":"confirms","fromId":"us-the-senate","toId":"us-northern-border-regional-commission","metadata":{"source":"complete-government scaffold"},"seatsAppointed":1},"f90cca92":{"id":"f90cca92","type":"dept_head","fromId":"us-northern-border-regional-commission","toId":"us-federal-co-chair-of-the-northern-border-regional-commission","metadata":{},"seatsAppointed":0},"a7972480":{"id":"a7972480","type":"dept_head","fromId":"us-white-house-faith-office","toId":"us-director-of-the-white-house-faith-office","metadata":{},"seatsAppointed":0},"fbeb5537":{"id":"fbeb5537","type":"dept_head","fromId":"us-national-design-studio","toId":"us-national-design-officer","metadata":{},"seatsAppointed":0},"ca8a73c5":{"id":"ca8a73c5","type":"dept_head","fromId":"us-united-states-investment-accelerator","toId":"us-executive-director-of-the-united-states-investment-accelerator","metadata":{},"seatsAppointed":0},"647ee98c":{"id":"647ee98c","type":"elects","fromId":"us-utah-reclamation-mitigation-and-conservation-commission","toId":"us-chairman-of-the-utah-reclamation-mitigation-and-conservation-commission","metadata":{"url":"https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/STATUTE-106/pdf/STATUTE-106-Pg4600.pdf","cite":"Pub. L. 102-575, sec. 301(d)(6), 106 Stat. 4627","note":"The President appoints the five members, not the Chairman: sec. 301(d)(1), \"The Commission shall be composed of five members appointed by the President\". The chair is chosen inside the body, so the scaffold's President edge is repointed to a loop (decision #54). The office stays reified: sec. 301(d)(6) gives it its own selection mechanism and a one-year term decoupled from the four-year seat, and the statute neither rotates it nor bars re-election, so the rotation clarification (taxonomy 4b, test clarification (iii)) does not reach it. This is the USCIRF and AbilityOne shape from the #264 audit, not the FEC and NMB one.","basis":"statute","issue":"322","quote":"The Chairman of the Commission shall be elected by the members of the Commission. The term of office of the Chairman shall be one year.","source":"20260909_urmcc_seats_322","repointed_from":"us-president-of-the-united-states","self_selection":true,"repointed_reason":"complete-government scaffold proposed this appointer; the cited clause names another"},"seatsAppointed":1},"2ab377ad":{"id":"2ab377ad","type":"dept_head","fromId":"us-utah-reclamation-mitigation-and-conservation-commission","toId":"us-chairman-of-the-utah-reclamation-mitigation-and-conservation-commission","metadata":{},"seatsAppointed":0},"34afae3a":{"id":"34afae3a","type":"dept_head","fromId":"us-united-states-army","toId":"us-chief-of-staff-of-the-army","metadata":{},"seatsAppointed":0},"3f283bff":{"id":"3f283bff","type":"dept_head","fromId":"us-united-states-navy","toId":"us-chief-of-naval-operations","metadata":{},"seatsAppointed":0},"b1af4bd7":{"id":"b1af4bd7","type":"dept_head","fromId":"us-united-states-air-force","toId":"us-chief-of-staff-of-the-air-force","metadata":{},"seatsAppointed":0},"e4a4003f":{"id":"e4a4003f","type":"dept_head","fromId":"us-coast-guard","toId":"us-commandant-of-the-coast-guard","metadata":{},"seatsAppointed":0},"e4eaca9b":{"id":"e4eaca9b","type":"dept_head","fromId":"us-united-states-space-force","toId":"us-chief-of-space-operations","metadata":{},"seatsAppointed":0},"723da2a7":{"id":"723da2a7","type":"elects","fromId":"us-council-of-the-inspectors-general-on-integrity-and-efficiency","toId":"us-chairperson-of-the-council-of-the-inspectors-general-on-integrity-and-efficiency","metadata":{"cite":"5 U.S.C. 424(b)(2)(B)","note":"The Council elects an Inspector General described in subsection (b)(1)(A) or (B) for a two-year term.","basis":"statute","source":"20260915_cigie_365"},"seatsAppointed":1},"d3d02eaa":{"id":"d3d02eaa","type":"dept_head","fromId":"us-council-of-the-inspectors-general-on-integrity-and-efficiency","toId":"us-chairperson-of-the-council-of-the-inspectors-general-on-integrity-and-efficiency","metadata":{},"seatsAppointed":0},"b545a0fd":{"id":"b545a0fd","type":"ex_officio","fromId":"us-director-of-the-office-of-government-ethics","toId":"us-council-of-the-inspectors-general-on-integrity-and-efficiency","metadata":{},"seatsAppointed":0},"ecb25dad":{"id":"ecb25dad","type":"ex_officio","fromId":"us-special-counsel","toId":"us-council-of-the-inspectors-general-on-integrity-and-efficiency","metadata":{},"seatsAppointed":0},"bd17aefb":{"id":"bd17aefb","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-chief-justice-of-the-united-states","toId":"us-director-of-the-administrative-office-of-the-united-states-courts","metadata":{"cite":"28 U.S.C. 601","note":"Director \"appointed and subject to removal by the Chief Justice of the United States, after consulting with the Judicial Conference\"","basis":"statute","self_selection":true},"seatsAppointed":1},"2944929b":{"id":"2944929b","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-secretary-of-health-and-human-services","toId":"us-director-of-the-national-center-for-environmental-health-and-the-agency-for-toxic-substances-and-disease-registry","metadata":null,"seatsAppointed":1},"7cc259c9":{"id":"7cc259c9","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-secretary-of-the-treasury","toId":"us-administrator-of-the-alcohol-and-tobacco-tax-and-trade-bureau","metadata":null,"seatsAppointed":1},"83e9dff1":{"id":"83e9dff1","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-architect-of-the-capitol-architect-of-the-capitol","toId":"us-united-states-botanic-garden-executive-director","metadata":null,"seatsAppointed":1},"44f1b8cd":{"id":"44f1b8cd","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-secretary-of-the-treasury","toId":"us-director-of-the-bureau-of-engraving-and-printing","metadata":null,"seatsAppointed":1},"9147663f":{"id":"9147663f","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-director-of-the-bureau-of-indian-affairs","toId":"us-director-of-the-office-of-justice-services","metadata":{"url":"https://www.doi.gov/sites/default/files/elips/documents/130-dm-4_0.pdf","cite":"DOI Departmental Manual 130 DM 4 sec. 4.1; 25 U.S.C. 2802(b)","note":"25 U.S.C. 2802(b) creates the Office \"under the supervision of the Secretary, or an individual designated by the Secretary\" and names no appointer. The one dated announcement that names an appointing officer is an Indian Affairs release of 2017-12-28: \"Acting Assistant Secretary - Indian Affairs John Tahsuda today announced the appointment of Charles Addington as deputy bureau director\" for the Office. That officer is not a row in the graph and sits above the Bureau Director, so the edge draws the reporting line instead and this note carries the announcement. The office's head is titled Deputy Bureau Director - Justice Services: a name mismatch of the #244 class.","basis":"reporting_line","issue":"243","quote":"The Deputy Bureau Director Justice Services, reports to the Director, Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA), and is responsible for managing and overseeing the bureau's law enforcement, emergency management, and internal affairs programs.","source":"20260909_wave_appointer_cites"},"seatsAppointed":1},"e23e2169":{"id":"e23e2169","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-secretary-of-the-interior","toId":"us-director-of-the-bureau-of-indian-affairs","metadata":null,"seatsAppointed":1},"90a9c7ad":{"id":"90a9c7ad","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-secretary-of-the-interior","toId":"us-director-of-the-bureau-of-indian-education","metadata":null,"seatsAppointed":1},"d9b09ec6":{"id":"d9b09ec6","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-secretary-of-labor","toId":"us-deputy-under-secretary-for-international-affairs","metadata":null,"seatsAppointed":1},"e8e4e784":{"id":"e8e4e784","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-attorney-general","toId":"us-director-of-the-federal-bureau-of-prisons","metadata":null,"seatsAppointed":1},"08319568":{"id":"08319568","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-secretary-of-the-treasury","toId":"us-commissioner-of-the-bureau-of-the-fiscal-service","metadata":null,"seatsAppointed":1},"803e617b":{"id":"803e617b","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-librarian-of-congress","toId":"us-director-of-the-congressional-research-service","metadata":null,"seatsAppointed":1},"dd74e0bb":{"id":"dd74e0bb","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-secretary-of-defense","toId":"us-president-of-the-defense-acquisition-university","metadata":null,"seatsAppointed":1},"2ae2b5aa":{"id":"2ae2b5aa","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-secretary-of-defense","toId":"us-director-of-the-defense-advanced-research-projects-agency","metadata":null,"seatsAppointed":1},"71eb9342":{"id":"71eb9342","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-secretary-of-defense","toId":"us-director-of-the-defense-commissary-agency","metadata":null,"seatsAppointed":1},"ee9e0635":{"id":"ee9e0635","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-secretary-of-defense","toId":"us-director-of-the-defense-contract-audit-agency","metadata":null,"seatsAppointed":1},"23097c4c":{"id":"23097c4c","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-secretary-of-defense","toId":"us-director-of-the-defense-counterintelligence-and-security-agency","metadata":null,"seatsAppointed":1},"19aac8a9":{"id":"19aac8a9","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-secretary-of-defense","toId":"us-director-of-the-defense-finance-and-accounting-service","metadata":null,"seatsAppointed":1},"aa6f1ead":{"id":"aa6f1ead","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-secretary-of-defense","toId":"us-director-of-the-defense-security-cooperation-agency","metadata":null,"seatsAppointed":1},"ba995a74":{"id":"ba995a74","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-secretary-of-defense","toId":"us-director-of-the-defense-threat-reduction-agency","metadata":null,"seatsAppointed":1},"3b8f854b":{"id":"3b8f854b","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-secretary-of-agriculture","toId":"us-director-of-the-national-agricultural-library","metadata":{"cite":"7 U.S.C. 3125a(c)","note":"\"The Secretary shall appoint a Director for the National Agricultural Library\"","basis":"statute","source":"phase-d1 2026-09-06"},"seatsAppointed":1},"a12e8cef":{"id":"a12e8cef","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-secretary-of-agriculture","toId":"us-chief-of-the-forest-service","metadata":{"cite":"16 U.S.C. 472; USDA release 2025-02-27 (Secretary Rollins names Tom Schultz Chief of the Forest Service)","note":"the Secretary executes the forest laws through the Forest Service; no statute names the Chief; the Secretary announced the appointment","basis":"announcement","source":"phase-d1 2026-09-06"},"seatsAppointed":1},"f70b896d":{"id":"f70b896d","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-secretary-of-agriculture","toId":"us-manager-of-the-federal-crop-insurance-corporation","metadata":{"url":"https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title7-section1505&num=0&edition=prelim","cite":"7 U.S.C. 1505(d)","note":"1505(a)(1): 'The management of the Corporation shall be vested in a Board of Directors subject to the general supervision of the Secretary.' 1505(a)(2)(A): the manager is a nonvoting ex officio Board member. 7 U.S.C. 6933(c)(2): 'The Administrator of the Office of Risk Management shall also serve as Manager of the Federal Crop Insurance Corporation' (rel 4186), so in practice the two positions are held by the same Secretary-appointed person.","basis":"statute","issue":"243","quote":"The manager of the Corporation shall be its chief executive officer, with such power and authority as may be conferred by the Board. The manager shall be appointed by, and hold office at the pleasure of, the Secretary.","source":"20260909_wave_appointer_cites"},"seatsAppointed":1},"d0aadd65":{"id":"d0aadd65","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-secretary-of-agriculture","toId":"us-administrator-of-the-agricultural-research-service","metadata":{"url":"https://www.ars.usda.gov/news-events/news/research-news/2023/usda-names-simon-liu-as-new-ars-administrator/","cite":"ARS news release, 2023-02-06, 'USDA Names Simon Liu as New ARS Administrator'","note":"WEAK: the release credits the Department, not the Secretary by name. No statute found: 7 U.S.C. chapter 98 has no ARS section (6971 covers REE Under Secretary, Chief Scientist and NIFA only); ARS is an agency the Secretary created administratively. No Secretary-attributed appointment release was found: the 2014 Jacobs-Young announcement could not be located on usda.gov/ars.usda.gov (404); the only primary text found is Secretary Vilsack's 2021-07-29 statement that 'Since 2014, Dr. Jacobs-Young has served as Administrator of the Agricultural Research Service (ARS)' (https://www.usda.gov/about-usda/news/press-releases/2021/07/29/statement-agriculture-secretary-tom-vilsack-intent-nominate-chavonda-jacobs-young-phd-serve-under). Treat as 'none' if Department-credited announcements are not accepted.","basis":"announcement","issue":"243","quote":"The U.S. Department of Agriculture named Simon Liu, Ph.D., the Administrator of the Agricultural Research Service (ARS).","source":"20260909_wave_appointer_cites"},"seatsAppointed":1},"2a7fe4e0":{"id":"2a7fe4e0","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-secretary-of-agriculture","toId":"us-administrator-of-the-farm-service-agency","metadata":{"url":"https://www.usda.gov/media/press-releases/2018/05/11/secretary-perdue-names-fsa-administrator","cite":"USDA press release, 2018-05-11, 'Secretary Perdue Names FSA Administrator'","note":"Statute is silent on the head. 7 U.S.C. 6932(a): 'The Secretary is authorized to establish and maintain in the Department a Farm Service Agency.' USDA release 2025-04-14 (mirror https://www.fna.usda.gov/newsroom/usda-0070.25): 'U.S. Secretary of Agriculture Brooke Rollins today announced the latest slate of presidential appointments ... Bill Beam Appointed as Administrator for the Farm Service Agency'; same wording in the 2025-03-21 FPAC release. The FSA Administrator is also ex officio Executive Vice President of CCC under the CCC bylaws (see rel 4108).","basis":"announcement","issue":"243","quote":"U.S. Secretary of Agriculture Sonny Perdue announced today the appointment of Richard Fordyce to serve as Administrator of the U.S. Department of Agriculture's (USDA) Farm Service Agency (FSA).","source":"20260909_wave_appointer_cites"},"seatsAppointed":1},"49256ea0":{"id":"49256ea0","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-secretary-of-agriculture","toId":"us-administrator-of-the-foreign-agricultural-service","metadata":{"url":"https://www.fas.usda.gov/newsroom/whitley-named-administrator-usdas-foreign-agricultural-service","cite":"FAS news release, 2021-07-22, 'Whitley Named Administrator of USDA's Foreign Agricultural Service'","note":"Statute creates the office but is silent on the appointer. 7 U.S.C. 5692(a): 'There is hereby established in the Department of Agriculture the position of Administrator of the Foreign Agricultural Service.' 5692(b): duties 'as may be required by law or prescribed by the Secretary of Agriculture.' (https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title7-section5692&num=0&edition=prelim). 7 U.S.C. 6912(a)(2)(B) makes the Secretary's delegation authority subject to 5692. Second announcement, USDA 2018-04-19: 'Perdue appointed Ken Isley as Foreign Agricultural Service (FAS) Administrator' (https://www.usda.gov/media/press-releases/2018/04/19/secretary-perdue-announces-new-senior-leaders-usda). Scaffold's cite of 5692 plus 6912 is right for establishment, not for appointment.","basis":"announcement","issue":"243","quote":"Agriculture Secretary Tom Vilsack today named Daniel Whitley the new Administrator of the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Foreign Agricultural Service.","source":"20260909_wave_appointer_cites"},"seatsAppointed":1},"c32f0039":{"id":"c32f0039","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-secretary-of-agriculture","toId":"us-administrator-of-the-risk-management-agency","metadata":{"url":"https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title7-section6933&num=0&edition=prelim","cite":"7 U.S.C. 6933(c)(1)","note":"The statute calls the agency the 'Office of Risk Management' (6933(a): 'The Secretary shall establish and maintain in the Department an independent Office of Risk Management'); USDA operates it as the Risk Management Agency. 6933(c)(2): 'The Administrator of the Office of Risk Management shall also serve as Manager of the Federal Crop Insurance Corporation' (rel 4133). USDA release 2025-03-21 lists 'Pat Swanson Appointed as Administrator for the Risk Management Agency'.","basis":"statute","issue":"243","quote":"The Office of Risk Management shall be headed by an Administrator who shall be appointed by the Secretary.","source":"20260909_wave_appointer_cites"},"seatsAppointed":1},"0d5ef71c":{"id":"0d5ef71c","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-secretary-of-agriculture","toId":"us-administrator-of-the-rural-business-cooperative-service","metadata":{"url":"https://www.usda.gov/about-usda/news/press-releases/2025/06/25/secretary-rollins-announces-new-slate-political-appointments-usda","cite":"USDA press release, 2025-06-25, 'Secretary Rollins Announces New Slate of Political Appointments to USDA'","note":"WEAK: no release found that says the Secretary personally appointed an RBCS Administrator; the announcements are by the Secretary or the Department but credit 'USDA' or a 'presidential appointment'. Statute is silent on the head: 7 U.S.C. 6944(a) 'the Secretary is authorized to establish and maintain within the Department the Rural Business and Cooperative Development Service and to assign to the Service such functions as the Secretary considers appropriate.' Other announcements: USDA 2021-04-23 'The U.S. Department of Agriculture today announced ... Karama Neal, PhD was named Administrator for the Rural Business-Cooperative Service' (https://www.usda.gov/about-usda/news/press-releases/2021/04/23/us-department-agriculture-announces-key-staff-appointments-and-senior-staff); USDA 2023-12-20 'Betsy Dirksen Londrigan has been appointed Administrator for the Rural Business Cooperative-Service' (https://www.usda.gov/about-usda/news/press-releases/2023/12/20/us-department-agriculture-announces-key-staff-appointments). Treat as 'none' if Department-credited announcements are not accepted.","basis":"announcement","issue":"243","quote":"U.S. Secretary of Agriculture Brooke Rollins today announced the latest slate of presidential appointments for key positions at the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). ... J.R. Claeys Appointed as Administrator, Rural Business-Cooperative Service","source":"20260909_wave_appointer_cites"},"seatsAppointed":1},"fc870aa8":{"id":"fc870aa8","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-secretary-of-agriculture","toId":"us-administrator-of-the-rural-housing-service","metadata":{"url":"https://www.usda.gov/media/press-releases/2018/04/19/secretary-perdue-announces-new-senior-leaders-usda","cite":"USDA press release, 2018-04-19, 'Secretary Perdue Announces New Senior Leaders at USDA'","note":"Statute is silent on the head. 7 U.S.C. 6943(a): 'Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the Secretary is authorized to establish and maintain within the Department the Rural Housing and Community Development Service and to assign to the Service such functions as the Secretary considers appropriate.' (statutory name differs from the agency's current name). USDA release 2025-06-25 lists 'George Kelly Appointed as Administrator, Rural Housing Service' under 'the latest slate of presidential appointments' (https://www.usda.gov/about-usda/news/press-releases/2025/06/25/secretary-rollins-announces-new-slate-political-appointments-usda); see the FSIS row on that label.","basis":"announcement","issue":"243","quote":"Perdue appointed Ken Isley as Foreign Agricultural Service (FAS) Administrator, Joel Baxley as Rural Housing Service (RHS) Administrator, and Martin Barbre as Risk Management Agency (RMA) Administrator.","source":"20260909_wave_appointer_cites"},"seatsAppointed":1},"36cc5191":{"id":"36cc5191","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-secretary-of-agriculture","toId":"us-chief-of-the-natural-resources-conservation-service","metadata":{"url":"https://www.usda.gov/about-usda/news/press-releases/2018/12/03/secretary-perdue-names-nrcs-chief","cite":"USDA press release, 2018-12-03, 'Secretary Perdue Names NRCS Chief'","note":"Statute is silent on the head. 7 U.S.C. 6936(a) (formerly 6962, reclassified by Pub. L. 115-334): 'The Secretary is authorized to establish and maintain within the Department a Natural Resources Conservation Service.' Later announcements credit the Department: USDA 2025-03-21 'USDA today announced key presidential appointments to the Farm Production and Conservation (FPAC) mission area ... Aubrey Bettencourt Appointed as Chief of the Natural Resource Conservation Service' (https://www.usda.gov/about-usda/news/press-releases/2025/03/21/usda-announces-new-fpac-leadership-better-serve-farmers-and-ranchers); NRCS 2026-05-18 'The U.S. Department of Agriculture today announced the appointment of Colton L. Buckley as Chief of the Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS)' (https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/our-agency/news/usda-announces-colton-l-buckley-as-chief-of-the-natural-resources-conservation).","basis":"announcement","issue":"243","quote":"U.S. Secretary of Agriculture Sonny Perdue announced today the appointment of Matthew J. \"Matt\" Lohr to serve as Chief of the U.S. Department of Agriculture's (USDA) Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS).","source":"20260909_wave_appointer_cites"},"seatsAppointed":1},"eb2b6b38":{"id":"eb2b6b38","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-secretary-of-agriculture","toId":"us-director-of-the-national-appeals-division","metadata":{"url":"https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title7-section6992&num=0&edition=prelim","cite":"7 U.S.C. 6992(b)(1)","note":"6992(b)(2): 'The Director shall serve for a 6-year term of office, and shall be eligible for reappointment. The Director shall not be subject to removal during the term of office, except for cause established in accordance with law.' 6992(b)(3): 'The position of the Director may not be a position in the excepted service or filled by a noncareer appointee.' 6992(c)(1)(A): free from direction and control of anyone other than the Secretary or Deputy Secretary. Scaffold's truncated cite ('director has 6') refers to this 6-year term.","basis":"statute","issue":"243","quote":"The Division shall be headed by a Director, appointed by the Secretary from among persons who have substantial experience in practicing administrative law.","source":"20260909_wave_appointer_cites"},"seatsAppointed":1},"467578c3":{"id":"467578c3","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-secretary-of-agriculture","toId":"us-executive-vice-president-of-the-commodity-credit-corporation","metadata":{"url":"https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title15-section714h&num=0&edition=prelim","cite":"15 U.S.C. 714h","note":"The Executive Vice President is a bylaw office, not a statutory one. CCC Bylaws (revised May 17, 1999, https://www.fsa.usda.gov/Internet/FSA_File/bylaws1999.pdf) para. 8: 'The officers of the Corporation shall be: a President; an Executive Vice President; Vice Presidents; ... and such additional officers as the Secretary of Agriculture may appoint.' Para. 10 makes the 'Administrator, FSA' the ex officio 'Executive Vice President', so the EVP is whoever the Secretary appoints as FSA Administrator (rel 4106); a reviewer could equally record this as 'designates' via the bylaws. 15 U.S.C. 714g(a): the Board (which adopts the bylaws) 'shall consist of seven members (in addition to the Secretary), who shall be appointed by the President'; the Secretary is ex officio Chairman. 15 U.S.C. 714 and 714b say nothing about officers.","basis":"statute","issue":"243","quote":"The Secretary shall appoint such officers and employees as may be necessary for the conduct of the business of the Corporation, define their authority and duties, delegate to them such of the powers vested in the Corporation as he may determine.","source":"20260909_wave_appointer_cites"},"seatsAppointed":1},"9d2dc478":{"id":"9d2dc478","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-secretary-of-commerce","toId":"us-director-of-the-national-technical-information-service","metadata":null,"seatsAppointed":1},"b74f2efb":{"id":"b74f2efb","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-secretary-of-commerce","toId":"us-federal-co-chair-of-the-denali-commission","metadata":{"cite":"Denali Commission Act of 1998 sec. 303(b)(2)(B), 42 U.S.C. 3121 note","note":"\"The Secretary shall appoint the Federal Co-chairperson from among the list of nominations submitted\" by the President pro tempore and the Speaker","basis":"statute","source":"phase-d1 2026-09-06"},"seatsAppointed":1},"ed71f3e6":{"id":"ed71f3e6","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-secretary-of-commerce","toId":"us-director-of-the-office-of-space-commerce","metadata":{"cite":"51 U.S.C. 50702(b); NOAA release 2022-04-27 (Secretary of Commerce Raimondo appointed Richard DalBello as Director)","note":"\"headed by a Director, who shall be a senior executive ... compensated ... as determined by the Secretary of Commerce\"; the Secretary announced the appointment","basis":"announcement","source":"phase-d1 2026-09-06"},"seatsAppointed":1},"f29f8644":{"id":"f29f8644","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-secretary-of-commerce","toId":"us-executive-director-of-the-united-states-investment-accelerator","metadata":{"url":"https://www.commerce.gov/news/press-releases/2026/06/us-department-commerce-names-andrew-silberstein-executive-director-us","cite":"Commerce press release, 2026-06-29, 'U.S. Department of Commerce Names Andrew Silberstein Executive Director of the U.S. Investment Accelerator'","note":"WEAK: the release credits the Department, not the Secretary by name (it quotes Secretary Lutnick welcoming the hire). The creating instrument is silent on who appoints. Executive Order 14255, 2025-03-31, sec. 3(a): 'Within 30 days of the date of this order, the Secretary of Commerce, in coordination with the Secretary of the Treasury and the Assistant to the President for Economic Policy, shall establish within the Department of Commerce an office named the United States Investment Accelerator'; sec. 3(b): 'The Investment Accelerator shall be headed by an Executive Director and staffed with legal, transactional, operational, and support staff as directed by the Secretary of Commerce.' (https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/2025/03/establishing-the-united-states-investment-accelerator/; federalregister.gov redirected to an unblock page). Silberstein succeeded Michael Grimes, the first Executive Director. No statute: the Investment Accelerator Act of 2025 (S. 1520) was not found enacted. Treat as 'none' if Department-credited announcements are not accepted.","basis":"announcement","issue":"243","quote":"The U.S. Department of Commerce has named Andrew Silberstein as the next Executive Director of the U.S. Investment Accelerator.","source":"20260909_wave_appointer_cites"},"seatsAppointed":1},"d646e22e":{"id":"d646e22e","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-secretary-of-defense","toId":"us-director-of-the-missile-defense-agency","metadata":null,"seatsAppointed":1},"b5a12cb7":{"id":"b5a12cb7","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-secretary-of-defense","toId":"us-director-of-the-pentagon-force-protection-agency","metadata":null,"seatsAppointed":1},"13bdb528":{"id":"13bdb528","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-secretary-of-defense","toId":"us-national-intelligence-university-president","metadata":null,"seatsAppointed":1},"2d1f7ab4":{"id":"2d1f7ab4","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-secretary-of-defense","toId":"us-uniformed-services-university-of-the-health-sciences-president","metadata":null,"seatsAppointed":1},"6a6f782c":{"id":"6a6f782c","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-secretary-of-defense","toId":"us-chief-executive-officer-of-the-armed-forces-retirement-home","metadata":{"cite":"24 U.S.C. 415(a)(1)","note":"\"The Secretary of Defense shall appoint the Chief Operating Officer of the Retirement Home\" (statute title: Chief Operating Officer)","basis":"statute","source":"phase-d1 2026-09-06"},"seatsAppointed":1},"b3be207c":{"id":"b3be207c","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-secretary-of-defense","toId":"us-chairman-of-the-armed-services-board-of-contract-appeals","metadata":{"url":"https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title41-section7105&num=0&edition=prelim","cite":"41 U.S.C. 7105(a)(2)","note":"The target is the Chairman, so the operative verb is 'designate' (from among members already appointed in the ALJ manner). The scaffold's cite (41 U.S.C. 7105) was right; the subsection is (a)(2). 7105(a)(1) makes establishment of the Board itself a Secretary of Defense determination.","basis":"statute","issue":"243","quote":"Members of the Armed Services Board shall be selected and appointed in the same manner as administrative law judges appointed pursuant to section 3105 of title 5, with an additional requirement that members must have had at least 5 years of experience in public contract law. The Secretary of Defense shall designate the chairman and vice chairman of the Armed Services Board from among the appointed members.","source":"20260909_wave_appointer_cites"},"seatsAppointed":1},"e23fa1a0":{"id":"e23fa1a0","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-secretary-of-defense","toId":"us-director-of-the-defense-pow-mia-accounting-agency","metadata":{"url":"https://www.esd.whs.mil/Portals/54/Documents/DD/issuances/dodd/511010_dodd_2017.pdf","cite":"DoD Directive 5110.10, 'Defense POW/MIA Accounting Agency (DPAA)', 2017-01-13, para. 1.3.c; 10 U.S.C. 1501(a)","note":"10 U.S.C. 1501(a)(1) has the Secretary of Defense designate the organization and calls its head the \"designated Agency Director\" without naming an appointer; 1501(a)(2) makes the Director's responsibilities \"Subject to the authority, direction, and control of the Secretary of Defense\". The directive, signed by the Secretary, assigns the selection to the Under Secretary for Policy, who is not a row in the graph.","basis":"instrument","issue":"243","quote":"The USD(P) will select the Director, DPAA.","source":"20260909_wave_appointer_cites"},"seatsAppointed":1},"fb2e23cd":{"id":"fb2e23cd","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-secretary-of-defense","toId":"us-director-of-the-defense-test-resource-management-center","metadata":{"url":"https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title10-section4173&num=0&edition=prelim","cite":"10 U.S.C. 4173(b)(1)","note":"'the Secretary' is the Secretary of Defense: 4173(a) 'The Secretary of Defense shall establish within the Department of Defense under section 191 of this title a Department of Defense Test Resource Management Center ... The Secretary shall designate the Center as a Department of Defense Field Activity.' The verb is 'selected'. Reporting line is elsewhere: 4173(g) 'The Director of the Center shall be subject to the supervision of the Under Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering. The Director shall report directly to the Under Secretary, without the interposition of any other supervising official.' Scaffold's cite ('10 U.S.C. 4173 statute') was right; subsection (b)(1).","basis":"statute","issue":"243","quote":"(b) Director and Deputy Director.-(1) At the head of the Center shall be a Director, selected by the Secretary from among individuals who have substantial experience in the field of test and evaluation.","source":"20260909_wave_appointer_cites"},"seatsAppointed":1},"16d10ed2":{"id":"16d10ed2","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-secretary-of-education","toId":"us-chief-operating-officer-of-federal-student-aid","metadata":{"url":"https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title20-section1018&num=0&edition=prelim","cite":"20 U.S.C. 1018(d)(1)","note":"'PBO' is the performance-based organization established by 1018(a), operating as Federal Student Aid. 1018(b)(1): 'In the exercise of its functions, the PBO shall be subject to the direction of the Secretary.'","basis":"statute","issue":"243","quote":"The management of the PBO shall be vested in a Chief Operating Officer who shall be appointed by the Secretary to a term of not less than 3 and not more than 5 years, and compensated without regard to chapters 33, 51, and 53 of title 5. The appointment shall be made on the basis of demonstrated management ability and expertise in information technology, including experience with financial systems, and without regard to political affiliation or activity.","source":"20260909_wave_appointer_cites"},"seatsAppointed":1},"aa75ed74":{"id":"aa75ed74","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-secretary-of-energy","toId":"us-administrator-of-the-southwestern-power-administration","metadata":{"url":"https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title42-section7152&num=0&edition=prelim","cite":"42 U.S.C. 7152(a)(2)","note":"'the Secretary' is the Secretary of Energy. As with SEPA, 16 U.S.C. 825s (fetched) is the marketing authority and is silent on the Administrator. Scaffold had no cite; this fills it.","basis":"statute","issue":"243","quote":"The Southeastern Power Administration, the Southwestern Power Administration, and the Bonneville Power Administration, shall be preserved as separate and distinct organizational entities within the Department. Each such entity shall be headed by an Administrator appointed by the Secretary.","source":"20260909_wave_appointer_cites"},"seatsAppointed":1},"1a173759":{"id":"1a173759","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-secretary-of-energy","toId":"us-administrator-of-the-bonneville-power-administration","metadata":{"url":"https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title16-section832a&num=0&edition=prelim","cite":"16 U.S.C. 832a(a)","note":"Bonneville Project Act of 1937 sec. 2(a); 'Secretary of Energy' substituted for 'Secretary of the Interior' pursuant to Pub. L. 95-91 sec. 302(a)(1)(D) (42 U.S.C. 7152(a)(1)(C)). Same result under 42 U.S.C. 7152(a)(2), fetched: 'Each such entity shall be headed by an Administrator appointed by the Secretary.' Scaffold had no cite; this fills it.","basis":"statute","issue":"243","quote":"The administrator shall be appointed by the Secretary of Energy; shall be responsible to said Secretary of Energy; and shall maintain his principal office at a place selected by him in the vicinity of the Bonneville project.","source":"20260909_wave_appointer_cites"},"seatsAppointed":1},"8649e3dc":{"id":"8649e3dc","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-secretary-of-energy","toId":"us-administrator-of-the-southeastern-power-administration","metadata":{"url":"https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title42-section7152&num=0&edition=prelim","cite":"42 U.S.C. 7152(a)(2)","note":"'the Secretary' is the Secretary of Energy (DOE Organization Act, 42 U.S.C. 7152 is a transfer from Interior). 7152(a)(1) transfers to the Secretary 'all functions of the Secretary of the Interior under section 825s of title 16' (Flood Control Act of 1944 sec. 5, the power marketing authority SEPA and SWPA operate under); 16 U.S.C. 825s itself (fetched) does not name an Administrator or an appointer. Scaffold had no cite; this fills it.","basis":"statute","issue":"243","quote":"The Southeastern Power Administration, the Southwestern Power Administration, and the Bonneville Power Administration, shall be preserved as separate and distinct organizational entities within the Department. Each such entity shall be headed by an Administrator appointed by the Secretary.","source":"20260909_wave_appointer_cites"},"seatsAppointed":1},"ae18a356":{"id":"ae18a356","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-secretary-of-energy","toId":"us-administrator-of-the-western-area-power-administration","metadata":{"url":"https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title42-section7152&num=0&edition=prelim","cite":"42 U.S.C. 7152(a)(3)","note":"The statute never names the Western Area Power Administration: 7152(a)(3) creates 'a separate and distinct Administration' to exercise the Bureau of Reclamation power marketing functions and the Falcon/Amistad functions (the paragraphs cited as (1)(E) and (1)(F) were redesignated (1)(D) and (1)(E) by Pub. L. 104-58; see the References in Text note on the same page). That Administration is WAPA. 'the Secretary' is the Secretary of Energy (42 U.S.C. 7101 et seq., DOE Organization Act). Corroborating announcement, fetched: energy.gov, Aug. 26, 2021, 'U.S. Secretary of Energy Jennifer M. Granholm issued the following statement today announcing Tracey A. LeBeau as Administrator and CEO of Western Area Power Administration (WAPA) at the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE).' https://www.energy.gov/articles/doe-announces-tracey-lebeau-western-area-power-administration-administrator. Scaffold had no cite; this fills it.","basis":"statute","issue":"243","quote":"The functions transferred in paragraphs (1)(E) and (1)(F) of this subsection shall be exercised by the Secretary, acting by and through a separate and distinct Administration within the Department which shall be headed by an Administrator appointed by the Secretary.","source":"20260909_wave_appointer_cites"},"seatsAppointed":1},"ba127e1f":{"id":"ba127e1f","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-secretary-of-health-and-human-services","toId":"us-administrator-of-the-health-resources-and-services-administration","metadata":null,"seatsAppointed":1},"69f7c8b7":{"id":"69f7c8b7","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-secretary-of-health-and-human-services","toId":"us-director-of-the-eunice-kennedy-shriver-national-institute-of-child-health-and-human-development","metadata":{"cite":"42 U.S.C. 284(a)(1)","note":"\"the Directors of the other national research institutes and national centers shall be appointed by the Secretary, acting through the Director of National Institutes of Health\"; listed as an institute or center in 42 U.S.C. 281(b)","basis":"statute","source":"phase-d1 2026-09-06"},"seatsAppointed":1},"76e0ee5f":{"id":"76e0ee5f","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-secretary-of-health-and-human-services","toId":"us-director-of-the-john-e-fogarty-international-center","metadata":{"cite":"42 U.S.C. 284(a)(1)","note":"\"the Directors of the other national research institutes and national centers shall be appointed by the Secretary, acting through the Director of National Institutes of Health\"; listed as an institute or center in 42 U.S.C. 281(b)","basis":"statute","source":"phase-d1 2026-09-06"},"seatsAppointed":1},"59d1d1f4":{"id":"59d1d1f4","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-secretary-of-health-and-human-services","toId":"us-director-of-the-national-center-for-advancing-translational-sciences","metadata":{"cite":"42 U.S.C. 284(a)(1)","note":"\"the Directors of the other national research institutes and national centers shall be appointed by the Secretary, acting through the Director of National Institutes of Health\"; listed as an institute or center in 42 U.S.C. 281(b)","basis":"statute","source":"phase-d1 2026-09-06"},"seatsAppointed":1},"ea77626f":{"id":"ea77626f","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-secretary-of-health-and-human-services","toId":"us-director-of-the-national-center-for-complementary-and-integrative-health","metadata":{"cite":"42 U.S.C. 284(a)(1)","note":"\"the Directors of the other national research institutes and national centers shall be appointed by the Secretary, acting through the Director of National Institutes of Health\"; listed as an institute or center in 42 U.S.C. 281(b)","basis":"statute","source":"phase-d1 2026-09-06"},"seatsAppointed":1},"e8ff97ef":{"id":"e8ff97ef","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-secretary-of-health-and-human-services","toId":"us-director-of-the-national-eye-institute","metadata":{"cite":"42 U.S.C. 284(a)(1)","note":"\"the Directors of the other national research institutes and national centers shall be appointed by the Secretary, acting through the Director of National Institutes of Health\"; listed as an institute or center in 42 U.S.C. 281(b)","basis":"statute","source":"phase-d1 2026-09-06"},"seatsAppointed":1},"c798ec1c":{"id":"c798ec1c","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-secretary-of-health-and-human-services","toId":"us-director-of-the-national-heart-lung-and-blood-institute","metadata":{"cite":"42 U.S.C. 284(a)(1)","note":"\"the Directors of the other national research institutes and national centers shall be appointed by the Secretary, acting through the Director of National Institutes of Health\"; listed as an institute or center in 42 U.S.C. 281(b)","basis":"statute","source":"phase-d1 2026-09-06"},"seatsAppointed":1},"5b3d4230":{"id":"5b3d4230","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-secretary-of-health-and-human-services","toId":"us-director-of-the-national-human-genome-research-institute","metadata":{"cite":"42 U.S.C. 284(a)(1)","note":"\"the Directors of the other national research institutes and national centers shall be appointed by the Secretary, acting through the Director of National Institutes of Health\"; listed as an institute or center in 42 U.S.C. 281(b)","basis":"statute","source":"phase-d1 2026-09-06"},"seatsAppointed":1},"e651cded":{"id":"e651cded","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-secretary-of-health-and-human-services","toId":"us-director-of-the-national-institute-of-allergy-and-infectious-diseases","metadata":{"cite":"42 U.S.C. 284(a)(1)","note":"\"the Directors of the other national research institutes and national centers shall be appointed by the Secretary, acting through the Director of National Institutes of Health\"; listed as an institute or center in 42 U.S.C. 281(b)","basis":"statute","source":"phase-d1 2026-09-06"},"seatsAppointed":1},"7545483b":{"id":"7545483b","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-secretary-of-health-and-human-services","toId":"us-director-of-the-national-institute-of-arthritis-and-musculoskeletal-and-skin-diseases","metadata":{"cite":"42 U.S.C. 284(a)(1)","note":"\"the Directors of the other national research institutes and national centers shall be appointed by the Secretary, acting through the Director of National Institutes of Health\"; listed as an institute or center in 42 U.S.C. 281(b)","basis":"statute","source":"phase-d1 2026-09-06"},"seatsAppointed":1},"37ac4781":{"id":"37ac4781","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-secretary-of-health-and-human-services","toId":"us-director-of-the-national-institute-of-biomedical-imaging-and-bioengineering","metadata":{"cite":"42 U.S.C. 284(a)(1)","note":"\"the Directors of the other national research institutes and national centers shall be appointed by the Secretary, acting through the Director of National Institutes of Health\"; listed as an institute or center in 42 U.S.C. 281(b)","basis":"statute","source":"phase-d1 2026-09-06"},"seatsAppointed":1},"1188f36c":{"id":"1188f36c","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-secretary-of-health-and-human-services","toId":"us-director-of-the-national-institute-of-dental-and-craniofacial-research","metadata":{"cite":"42 U.S.C. 284(a)(1)","note":"\"the Directors of the other national research institutes and national centers shall be appointed by the Secretary, acting through the Director of National Institutes of Health\"; listed as an institute or center in 42 U.S.C. 281(b)","basis":"statute","source":"phase-d1 2026-09-06"},"seatsAppointed":1},"09b07c23":{"id":"09b07c23","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-secretary-of-health-and-human-services","toId":"us-director-of-the-national-institute-of-diabetes-and-digestive-and-kidney-diseases","metadata":{"cite":"42 U.S.C. 284(a)(1)","note":"\"the Directors of the other national research institutes and national centers shall be appointed by the Secretary, acting through the Director of National Institutes of Health\"; listed as an institute or center in 42 U.S.C. 281(b)","basis":"statute","source":"phase-d1 2026-09-06"},"seatsAppointed":1},"2ae52c7a":{"id":"2ae52c7a","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-secretary-of-health-and-human-services","toId":"us-director-of-the-national-institute-of-environmental-health-sciences","metadata":{"cite":"42 U.S.C. 284(a)(1)","note":"\"the Directors of the other national research institutes and national centers shall be appointed by the Secretary, acting through the Director of National Institutes of Health\"; listed as an institute or center in 42 U.S.C. 281(b)","basis":"statute","source":"phase-d1 2026-09-06"},"seatsAppointed":1},"5cb8704a":{"id":"5cb8704a","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-secretary-of-health-and-human-services","toId":"us-director-of-the-national-institute-of-general-medical-sciences","metadata":{"cite":"42 U.S.C. 284(a)(1)","note":"\"the Directors of the other national research institutes and national centers shall be appointed by the Secretary, acting through the Director of National Institutes of Health\"; listed as an institute or center in 42 U.S.C. 281(b)","basis":"statute","source":"phase-d1 2026-09-06"},"seatsAppointed":1},"66558fa4":{"id":"66558fa4","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-secretary-of-health-and-human-services","toId":"us-director-of-the-national-institute-of-mental-health","metadata":{"cite":"42 U.S.C. 284(a)(1)","note":"\"the Directors of the other national research institutes and national centers shall be appointed by the Secretary, acting through the Director of National Institutes of Health\"; listed as an institute or center in 42 U.S.C. 281(b)","basis":"statute","source":"phase-d1 2026-09-06"},"seatsAppointed":1},"49d6eec8":{"id":"49d6eec8","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-secretary-of-health-and-human-services","toId":"us-director-of-the-national-institute-of-neurological-disorders-and-stroke","metadata":{"cite":"42 U.S.C. 284(a)(1)","note":"\"the Directors of the other national research institutes and national centers shall be appointed by the Secretary, acting through the Director of National Institutes of Health\"; listed as an institute or center in 42 U.S.C. 281(b)","basis":"statute","source":"phase-d1 2026-09-06"},"seatsAppointed":1},"da966e5e":{"id":"da966e5e","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-secretary-of-health-and-human-services","toId":"us-director-of-the-national-institute-of-nursing-research","metadata":{"cite":"42 U.S.C. 284(a)(1)","note":"\"the Directors of the other national research institutes and national centers shall be appointed by the Secretary, acting through the Director of National Institutes of Health\"; listed as an institute or center in 42 U.S.C. 281(b)","basis":"statute","source":"phase-d1 2026-09-06"},"seatsAppointed":1},"fca9662b":{"id":"fca9662b","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-secretary-of-health-and-human-services","toId":"us-director-of-the-national-institute-on-aging","metadata":{"cite":"42 U.S.C. 284(a)(1)","note":"\"the Directors of the other national research institutes and national centers shall be appointed by the Secretary, acting through the Director of National Institutes of Health\"; listed as an institute or center in 42 U.S.C. 281(b)","basis":"statute","source":"phase-d1 2026-09-06"},"seatsAppointed":1},"3edbdeca":{"id":"3edbdeca","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-secretary-of-health-and-human-services","toId":"us-director-of-the-national-institute-on-alcohol-abuse-and-alcoholism","metadata":{"cite":"42 U.S.C. 284(a)(1)","note":"\"the Directors of the other national research institutes and national centers shall be appointed by the Secretary, acting through the Director of National Institutes of Health\"; listed as an institute or center in 42 U.S.C. 281(b)","basis":"statute","source":"phase-d1 2026-09-06"},"seatsAppointed":1},"11fcd6b1":{"id":"11fcd6b1","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-secretary-of-health-and-human-services","toId":"us-director-of-the-national-institute-on-deafness-and-other-communication-disorders","metadata":{"cite":"42 U.S.C. 284(a)(1)","note":"\"the Directors of the other national research institutes and national centers shall be appointed by the Secretary, acting through the Director of National Institutes of Health\"; listed as an institute or center in 42 U.S.C. 281(b)","basis":"statute","source":"phase-d1 2026-09-06"},"seatsAppointed":1},"40d5a90d":{"id":"40d5a90d","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-secretary-of-health-and-human-services","toId":"us-director-of-the-national-institute-on-drug-abuse","metadata":{"cite":"42 U.S.C. 284(a)(1)","note":"\"the Directors of the other national research institutes and national centers shall be appointed by the Secretary, acting through the Director of National Institutes of Health\"; listed as an institute or center in 42 U.S.C. 281(b)","basis":"statute","source":"phase-d1 2026-09-06"},"seatsAppointed":1},"7961191e":{"id":"7961191e","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-secretary-of-health-and-human-services","toId":"us-director-of-the-national-institute-on-minority-health-and-health-disparities","metadata":{"cite":"42 U.S.C. 284(a)(1)","note":"\"the Directors of the other national research institutes and national centers shall be appointed by the Secretary, acting through the Director of National Institutes of Health\"; listed as an institute or center in 42 U.S.C. 281(b)","basis":"statute","source":"phase-d1 2026-09-06"},"seatsAppointed":1},"51ca7923":{"id":"51ca7923","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-secretary-of-health-and-human-services","toId":"us-chief-administrative-law-judge-of-the-office-of-medicare-hearings-and-appeals","metadata":{"url":"https://www.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/alj-appointment-process.pdf","cite":"HHS, 'Administrative Law Judge Appointment Process Under the Excepted Service' (Nov. 29, 2018), sec. 6 Selection Process; with 5 U.S.C. 3105","note":"Second pass. The HHS process document (title page: 'Department of Health and Human Services, Administrative Law Judge Appointment Process Under the Excepted Service, November 29, 2018'; page 1 heading: 'Administrative Law Judge Appointment Process, Departmental Appeals Board, Office of Medicare Hearings and Appeals') governs all HHS ALJ hires including OMHA's and routes every selection/appointment to the Secretary; it is the post-Lucia (June 2018) departmental instrument. Statute: 5 U.S.C. 3105 (fetched https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title5-section3105&num=0&edition=prelim): 'Each agency shall appoint as many administrative law judges as are necessary for proceedings required to be conducted in accordance with sections 556 and 557 of this title.' - the agency is HHS, whose head is the Secretary. Executive Order 13843 (83 FR 32755, July 13, 2018, fetched https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2018-07-13/pdf/2018-15202.pdf) sec. 2: 'Appointments of ALJs shall be made under Schedule E of the excepted service' and sec. 3 Schedule E: 'Position of administrative law judge appointed under 5 U.S.C. 3105' - it names no officer. Limits: the document covers ALJ positions generally; it does not separately say who designates the Chief ALJ from among OMHA's ALJs, and no Secretary-signed ratification memorandum of 2018 was found (searches for an HHS ratification notice returned only secondary descriptions; the ACUS report PDF returned 403). Reporting line unchanged from the first pass: 70 FR 36386 (June 23, 2005) 'The Office of Medicare Hearings and Appeals (OMHA) is under the direction of the Chief Administrative Law Judge, who reports directly to the Secretary'; hhs.gov OMHA organizational chart page (content last reviewed Jan. 12, 2026, https://www.hhs.gov/about/agencies/omha/about/organizational-chart/index.html): 'OMHA reports directly to the Secretary of HHS. ... The Chief Administrative Law Judge leads the agency'. Access: hhs.gov returns 403 to curl, WebFetch and Playwright's request API; the PDF was retrieved by an in-page fetch from an hhs.gov page in a fresh Playwright context. Pub. L. 108-173 sec. 931(b)(4) 'the Secretary shall have authority to hire administrative law judges' (first pass) is consistent.","basis":"instrument","issue":"243","quote":"The recommending official reviews all rated candidates and makes a selection/appointment recommendation to the Secretary based upon the desirable skills/qualifications ratings, and experience of each candidate. Selection/appointment packages for recommended hires are forwarded to the Secretary. Selection/appointment packages include a cover memorandum, identifying the names of recommended selections/appointments, the certificate (list of candidates), copies of resumes for recommended selections/appointments, and an ALJ Appointment Affidavit.","source":"20260909_wave_appointer_cites"},"seatsAppointed":1},"e5d14aab":{"id":"e5d14aab","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-secretary-of-health-and-human-services","toId":"us-commissioner-of-the-office-of-child-support-services","metadata":{"url":"https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title42-section652&num=0&edition=prelim","cite":"42 U.S.C. 652(a)","note":"Statute does not name the unit or the title 'Commissioner'; it says the unit is 'under the direction of a designee of the Secretary'. Hence relationship_type designates. No appointment clause found elsewhere in 42 U.S.C. 652.","basis":"statute","issue":"243","quote":"The Secretary shall establish, within the Department of Health and Human Services a separate organizational unit, under the direction of a designee of the Secretary, who shall report directly to the Secretary and who shall-","source":"20260909_wave_appointer_cites"},"seatsAppointed":1},"24a414da":{"id":"24a414da","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-secretary-of-health-and-human-services","toId":"us-director-of-the-national-library-of-medicine","metadata":{"url":"https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title42-section284&num=0&edition=prelim","cite":"42 U.S.C. 284(a)(1)","note":"Scaffold's cite 42 U.S.C. 286 establishes the Library but has no Director or appointment clause (fetched https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title42-section286&num=0&edition=prelim). NLM is a 'national research institute or national center' under 42 U.S.C. 281(b)(20): 'The following agencies of the National Institutes of Health are national research institutes or national centers: ... (20) The National Library of Medicine.' (fetched https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title42-section281&num=0&edition=prelim). 284(a)(2) gives the Director a 5-year term.","basis":"statute","issue":"243","quote":"The Director of the National Cancer Institute shall be appointed by the President, and the Directors of the other national research institutes and national centers shall be appointed by the Secretary, acting through the Director of National Institutes of Health. Each Director of a national research institute or national center shall report directly to the Director of National Institutes of Health.","source":"20260909_wave_appointer_cites"},"seatsAppointed":1},"95c922f8":{"id":"95c922f8","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-secretary-of-health-and-human-services","toId":"us-director-of-the-office-of-refugee-resettlement","metadata":{"url":"https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title8-section1521&num=0&edition=prelim","cite":"8 U.S.C. 1521(a)","note":"Scaffold cite confirmed. Section heading reads 'Office of Refugee Resettlement; establishment; appointment of Director; functions'.","basis":"statute","issue":"243","quote":"The head of the Office shall be a Director (hereinafter in this subchapter referred to as the \"Director\"), to be appointed by the Secretary of Health and Human Services (hereinafter in this subchapter referred to as the \"Secretary\").","source":"20260909_wave_appointer_cites"},"seatsAppointed":1},"a0f26450":{"id":"a0f26450","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-secretary-of-health-and-human-services","toId":"us-chairman-of-the-provider-reimbursement-review-board","metadata":{"url":"https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/42/405.1845","cite":"42 C.F.R. 405.1845(a)","note":"Statute 42 U.S.C. 1395oo(h) (fetched https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title42-section1395oo&num=0&edition=prelim): 'The Board shall be composed of five members appointed by the Secretary without regard to the provisions of title 5 governing appointments in the competitive services.' - silent on the chair; the regulation supplies the designation. Corroborated by CMS's own USAJobs posting for PRRB Chairperson (Sept. 30, 2024, https://www.usajobs.gov/job/812030100): 'PRRB Members, including the Chairperson, are appointed to a three-year term by the Secretary of the Department of Health and Human Services'. Scaffold's CMS Administrator is wrong; no delegation to the Administrator found. ecfr.gov redirects to unblock.federalregister.gov, so the CFR text was fetched from LII.","basis":"instrument","issue":"243","quote":"The Board consists of five members appointed by the Secretary. The Secretary designates one member of the Board as Chairperson.","source":"20260909_wave_appointer_cites","repointed_from":"us-administrator-of-the-centers-for-medicare-and-medicaid-services","repointed_reason":"complete-government scaffold proposed this appointer; the cited clause names another"},"seatsAppointed":1},"0668ffa0":{"id":"0668ffa0","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-secretary-of-health-and-human-services","toId":"us-director-of-the-center-for-mental-health-services","metadata":{"url":"https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title42-section290bb-31&num=0&edition=prelim","cite":"42 U.S.C. 290bb-31(a)","note":"Scaffold's cite 42 U.S.C. 290bb is CSAT; CMHS is 290bb-31. Statute names the Secretary, not the Assistant Secretary.","basis":"statute","issue":"243","quote":"There is established in the Administration a Center for Mental Health Services (hereafter in this section referred to as the \"Center\"). The Center shall be headed by a Director (hereafter in this section referred to as the \"Director\") appointed by the Secretary from among individuals with extensive experience or academic qualifications in the provision of mental health services or in the evaluation of mental health service systems.","source":"20260909_wave_appointer_cites","repointed_from":"us-assistant-secretary-for-mental-health-and-substance-use","repointed_reason":"complete-government scaffold proposed this appointer; the cited clause names another"},"seatsAppointed":1},"ba9b17d0":{"id":"ba9b17d0","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-secretary-of-health-and-human-services","toId":"us-director-of-the-center-for-substance-abuse-prevention","metadata":{"url":"https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title42-section290bb-21&num=0&edition=prelim","cite":"42 U.S.C. 290bb-21(a)","note":"Scaffold's cite 42 U.S.C. 290bb is CSAT, not CSAP; 42 U.S.C. 290bb-2 (the hint) is 'Priority substance use disorder treatment needs' and has no Center or Director (fetched https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title42-section290bb-2&num=0&edition=prelim). CSAP is 290bb-21. Statute names the Secretary, not the Assistant Secretary.","basis":"statute","issue":"243","quote":"There is established in the Administration a Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (hereafter referred to in this part as the \"Prevention Center\"). The Prevention Center shall be headed by a Director appointed by the Secretary from individuals with extensive experience or academic qualifications in the prevention of drug or alcohol abuse.","source":"20260909_wave_appointer_cites","repointed_from":"us-assistant-secretary-for-mental-health-and-substance-use","repointed_reason":"complete-government scaffold proposed this appointer; the cited clause names another"},"seatsAppointed":1},"7a109e9f":{"id":"7a109e9f","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-secretary-of-health-and-human-services","toId":"us-director-of-the-center-for-substance-abuse-treatment","metadata":{"url":"https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title42-section290bb&num=0&edition=prelim","cite":"42 U.S.C. 290bb(a)","note":"Statute names the Secretary, not the Assistant Secretary for Mental Health and Substance Use that the scaffold proposed.","basis":"statute","issue":"243","quote":"There is established in the Administration a Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (hereafter in this section referred to as the \"Center\"). The Center shall be headed by a Director (hereafter in this section referred to as the \"Director\") appointed by the Secretary from among individuals with extensive experience or academic qualifications in the treatment of substance use disorders or in the evaluation of substance use disorder treatment systems.","source":"20260909_wave_appointer_cites","repointed_from":"us-assistant-secretary-for-mental-health-and-substance-use","repointed_reason":"complete-government scaffold proposed this appointer; the cited clause names another"},"seatsAppointed":1},"fe0b2236":{"id":"fe0b2236","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-secretary-of-health-and-human-services","toId":"us-director-of-the-national-center-for-health-statistics","metadata":{"url":"https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title42-section242k&num=0&edition=prelim","cite":"42 U.S.C. 242k(a)","note":"Statute names the Secretary, not the CDC Director the scaffold proposed.","basis":"statute","issue":"243","quote":"There is established in the Department of Health and Human Services the National Center for Health Statistics (hereinafter in this section referred to as the \"Center\") which shall be under the direction of a Director who shall be appointed by the Secretary.","source":"20260909_wave_appointer_cites","repointed_from":"us-director-of-the-centers-for-disease-control-and-prevention","repointed_reason":"complete-government scaffold proposed this appointer; the cited clause names another"},"seatsAppointed":1},"fb186b2f":{"id":"fb186b2f","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-secretary-of-health-and-human-services","toId":"us-director-of-the-national-institute-for-occupational-safety-and-health","metadata":{"url":"https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title29-section671&num=0&edition=prelim","cite":"29 U.S.C. 671(b)","note":"Statute names the Secretary, not the CDC Director the scaffold proposed. Six-year term.","basis":"statute","issue":"243","quote":"There is hereby established in the Department of Health and Human Services a National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. The Institute shall be headed by a Director who shall be appointed by the Secretary of Health and Human Services, and who shall serve for a term of six years unless previously removed by the Secretary of Health and Human Services.","source":"20260909_wave_appointer_cites","repointed_from":"us-director-of-the-centers-for-disease-control-and-prevention","repointed_reason":"complete-government scaffold proposed this appointer; the cited clause names another"},"seatsAppointed":1},"c85dc5b0":{"id":"c85dc5b0","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-secretary-of-homeland-security","toId":"us-director-of-the-center-for-countering-human-trafficking","metadata":{"cite":"6 U.S.C. 242a(a)(4)(A)","note":"\"The Secretary of Homeland Security shall appoint a CCHT Director, who shall be a member of the Senior Executive Service\"","basis":"statute","source":"phase-d1 2026-09-06"},"seatsAppointed":1},"9fb0f171":{"id":"9fb0f171","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-secretary-of-homeland-security","toId":"us-director-of-the-federal-law-enforcement-training-centers","metadata":{"cite":"6 U.S.C. 464(a), (b); DHS FR doc. 2025-17565 (2025-09-11): \"the appointing authority (i.e., Agency Head)\"; DHS MD 3030.1 sec. IV.A","note":"\"headed by a Director, who shall report to the Secretary\"; \"The Director shall occupy a career-reserved position within the Senior Executive Service\"; FLETC is a DHS component, so its head's appointing authority is the Secretary","basis":"rule","source":"phase-d1 2026-09-06"},"seatsAppointed":1},"3fe8cb2a":{"id":"3fe8cb2a","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-attorney-general","toId":"us-director-of-the-executive-office-for-immigration-review","metadata":null,"seatsAppointed":1},"05441029":{"id":"05441029","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-attorney-general","toId":"us-director-of-interpol-washington","metadata":null,"seatsAppointed":1},"12c3fedb":{"id":"12c3fedb","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-attorney-general","toId":"us-director-of-the-office-of-community-oriented-policing-services","metadata":null,"seatsAppointed":1},"482980ef":{"id":"482980ef","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-attorney-general","toId":"us-chief-executive-officer-of-federal-prison-industries","metadata":{"url":"https://www.justice.gov/archives/opa/pr/justice-department-announces-new-chief-executive-officer-federal-prison-industries","cite":"DOJ Office of Public Affairs press release 16-088, Jan. 26, 2016, 'Justice Department Announces New Chief Executive Officer of Federal Prison Industries'","note":"No statute or regulation names who selects the CEO. 18 U.S.C. 4121 (fetched) creates only the board: 'shall be administered by a board of six directors, appointed by the President to serve at the will of the President without compensation'; 18 U.S.C. 4122 assigns duties to the board, no officers. 28 C.F.R. part 345 (Cornell TOC fetched; ecfr.gov redirects to an unblock page) is the Inmate Work and Performance Pay program, subparts A-H, with no governance provisions. DOJ FY2018 Performance Budget, FPI section (justice.gov/d9/27-3_bop_federal_prison_industries_bop_fpi.pdf, fetched, pdftotext): 'General management of the Corporation is vested in an Assistant Director of the Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP), who serves as Chief Executive Officer'; and bop.gov/inmates/custody_and_care/unicor_corporate.jsp: 'the FBOP Director serves as FPI's Commissioner'. 18 U.S.C. 4041 (fetched) is the general rule for BOP officers: 'The Attorney General may appoint such additional officers and employees as he deems necessary', consistent with the AG announcing the hire. FPI bylaws (approved by the board per the budget text) are not published online; the board's own role in selecting the CEO is unverified. The current CEO bio (bop.gov/about/agency/bio_fpi.jsp, Todd A. Plimpton, 'AD/Chief Executive Officer (FPI)') names no appointing officer. The DOJ site serves a JS interstitial to curl/WebFetch; the release was read in Playwright.","basis":"announcement","issue":"243","quote":"Attorney General Loretta E. Lynch announced today the hiring of Gary Simpson to serve as the new CEO of Federal Prison Industries (FPI).","source":"20260909_wave_appointer_cites"},"seatsAppointed":1},"216e4295":{"id":"216e4295","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-attorney-general","toId":"us-director-of-the-national-institute-of-corrections","metadata":{"url":"https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title18-section4351&num=0&edition=prelim","cite":"18 U.S.C. 4351(h)","note":"The hint's 4351(e) is not the appointment clause; the Director clause is subsection (h). 4351(b) puts 'overall policy and operations' under a sixteen-member Advisory Board, whose ten non-ex-officio members the Attorney General appoints under 4351(c).","basis":"statute","issue":"243","quote":"The Institute shall be under the supervision of an officer to be known as the Director, who shall be appointed by the Attorney General after consultation with the Board.","source":"20260909_wave_appointer_cites"},"seatsAppointed":1},"89480eb8":{"id":"89480eb8","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-secretary-of-labor","toId":"us-chair-of-the-benefits-review-board","metadata":{"url":"https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title33-section921&num=0&edition=prelim","cite":"33 U.S.C. 921(b)(1)","note":"The Secretary appoints the five members and designates the chairman from among them, so the edge to the chair is a designation. Secretary's Order 02-2020 (85 FR, Mar. 6, 2020, fetched at https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2020-03-06/html/2020-04020.htm) restates: 'The Secretary of Labor has the authority and responsibility to appoint the members of the Department's three appellate boards: the Administrative Review Board (ARB), the Benefits Review Board (BRB), and the Employees' Compensation Appeals Board (ECAB).'","basis":"statute","issue":"243","quote":"There is hereby established a Benefits Review Board which shall be composed of five members appointed by the Secretary from among individuals who are especially qualified to serve on such Board. The Secretary shall designate one of the members of the Board to serve as chairman. The Chairman shall have the authority, as delegated by the Secretary, to exercise all administrative functions necessary to operate the Board.","source":"20260909_wave_appointer_cites"},"seatsAppointed":1},"0483745e":{"id":"0483745e","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-secretary-of-labor","toId":"us-chairman-of-the-employees-compensation-appeals-board","metadata":{"url":"https://www.ecfr.gov/api/versioner/v1/full/2025-09-01/title-20.xml?part=501&section=501.2","cite":"20 C.F.R. 501.2(b)","note":"The designation clause in 501.2(b) is passive; the Secretary is the only authority the instruments give. 5 U.S.C. 8149 (fetched at https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title5-section8149&num=0&edition=prelim): 'The rules and regulations shall provide for an Employees' Compensation Appeals Board of three individuals designated or appointed by the Secretary with authority to hear and, subject to applicable law and the rules and regulations of the Secretary, make final decisions on appeals taken from determinations and awards with respect to claims of employees.' 20 C.F.R. 501.1(d) (same eCFR API, section=501.1): 'Judge or Alternate Judge means a member designated and appointed by the Secretary of Labor with authority to hear and make final decisions on appeals...'; 501.1(c): 'Chief Judge and Chairman of the Board means the Chairman of the Employees' Compensation Appeals Board.' Secretary's Order 02-2020 (govinfo, Mar. 6, 2020) confirms the Secretary appoints ECAB members but says nothing about the Chairman. The scaffold's target_legal_source_name string is garbled ('5 U.S.C. 8149 'rules shall provide for'), full'); the statute itself delegates the Board's structure to the Secretary's regulations, which is why the cite is the C.F.R. dol.gov (release osec20230214 and the ECAB about page) returned 403/empty, so no dated DOL announcement of a named Chairman designation was captured.","basis":"instrument","issue":"243","quote":"The Board consists of three permanent judges, one of whom is designated as Chief Judge and Chairman of the Board, and such alternate judges as are appointed by the Secretary of Labor. The Chief Judge is the administrative officer of the Board.","source":"20260909_wave_appointer_cites"},"seatsAppointed":1},"246ead73":{"id":"246ead73","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-secretary-of-state","toId":"us-director-of-the-diplomatic-security-service","metadata":{"cite":"22 U.S.C. 4822","note":"\"headed by a Director designated by the Secretary of State\"","basis":"statute","source":"phase-d1 2026-09-06"},"seatsAppointed":1},"2dd5e124":{"id":"2dd5e124","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-secretary-of-state","toId":"us-chief-information-officer-of-the-department-of-state","metadata":{"url":"https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title44-section3506&num=0&edition=prelim","cite":"44 U.S.C. 3506(a)(2)(A)","note":"The Paperwork Reduction Act clause is the only one that names the designating officer; subparagraph (B) is the DoD/military-department exception, not applicable to State. State-specific clauses fetched and silent on the appointer: 22 U.S.C. 2651a(q)(2)(B) 'The Chief Information Officer shall be the head of the Bureau of Diplomatic Technology.' (added by Pub. L. 119-60 sec. 5114, 2025), and the Pub. L. 119-60 sec. 5116 note under 2651a: 'There shall be in the Department a Chief Information Officer for Diplomatic Technology who shall be responsible to the Secretary, acting through the Under Secretary for Management'. 40 U.S.C. 11315 (fetched) sets CIO responsibilities and does not name an appointer. Scaffold had no cite; this fills it.","basis":"statute","issue":"243","quote":"(2)(A) Except as provided under subparagraph (B), the head of each agency shall designate a Chief Information Officer who shall report directly to such agency head to carry out the responsibilities of the agency under this subchapter.","source":"20260909_wave_appointer_cites"},"seatsAppointed":1},"18ddf5a6":{"id":"18ddf5a6","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-secretary-of-state","toId":"us-chief-medical-officer-of-the-department-of-state","metadata":{"url":"https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title22-section2651a&num=0&edition=prelim","cite":"22 U.S.C. 2651a(p)","note":"Scaffold's cite 'Pub. L. 119-60 sec. 5112' checks out: Pub. L. 119-60 is the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2026 (Dec. 18, 2025), and div. E sec. 5112 'OFFICE OF MEDICAL SERVICES' adds subsection (p) to section 1 of the State Department Basic Authorities Act of 1956 (22 U.S.C. 2651a); enacted text fetched at https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/PLAW-119publ60/html/PLAW-119publ60.htm: 'There shall be in the Department of State a Chief Medical Officer, to be appointed by the Secretary of State'. The codified cite 22 U.S.C. 2651a(p) is the better cite going forward.","basis":"statute","issue":"243","quote":"(p) Office of Medical Services. There shall be in the Department of State a Chief Medical Officer, to be appointed by the Secretary of State, who- (1) shall lead the Office of Medical Services; and (2) as required by section 4084 of this title, shall be responsible to the Secretary, acting through the Under Secretary for Management, for matters relating to the clinical and mental health programs of the Department and all related activities, in accordance with the needs of the Department.","source":"20260909_wave_appointer_cites"},"seatsAppointed":1},"ba2c760c":{"id":"ba2c760c","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-secretary-of-state","toId":"us-director-of-the-foreign-service-institute","metadata":{"url":"https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title22-section4021&num=0&edition=prelim","cite":"22 U.S.C. 4021(a)","note":"Foreign Service Act of 1980 sec. 701(a). Scaffold's cite was right; subsection (a). 22 U.S.C. 4022-4024 (fetched) concern training programs and do not touch the Director's appointment.","basis":"statute","issue":"243","quote":"The Secretary of State shall maintain and operate an institution or center for training (hereinafter in this subchapter referred to as the \"institution\"), originally established under section 701 of the Foreign Service Act of 1946, in order to promote career development within the Service and to provide necessary training and instruction in the field of foreign relations to members of the Service and to employees of the Department and of other agencies. The institution shall be headed by a Director, who shall be appointed by the Secretary of State.","source":"20260909_wave_appointer_cites"},"seatsAppointed":1},"2205439c":{"id":"2205439c","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-secretary-of-the-air-force","toId":"us-commandant-of-the-air-force-institute-of-technology","metadata":{"url":"https://www.afit.edu/EN/news.cfm?article=03614608","cite":"AFIT news release, 'New AFIT chancellor and director selected', May 20, 2021","note":"Statute is silent. 10 U.S.C. 9413 (scaffold's cite, fetched; added by Pub. L. 117-81 in 2021) only establishes the Institute in the Department of the Air Force; 10 U.S.C. 9414 (fetched) gives the Secretary of the Air Force regulatory and faculty-hiring authority and refers to the head as the 'Director and Chancellor' (9414(g)); the 2019 amendment note says Pub. L. 116-92 'substituted \"Director and Chancellor\" for \"Commandant\"', so the graph's position name 'Commandant' is stale. The release is by AFIT (byline Katie Scott, Air Force Institute of Technology), the appointee's own institution within the appointing Secretary's department; the same text was carried on wpafb.af.mil and nellis.af.mil (article 2625822), which return 403 from here. No Air Force instrument (AFI/DAFI) naming the appointing authority was located.","basis":"announcement","issue":"243","quote":"The Secretary of the Air Force has appointed Dr. Walter Jones as the Air Force Institute of Technology's new chancellor and director beginning in June 2021.","source":"20260909_wave_appointer_cites"},"seatsAppointed":1},"f206ff0c":{"id":"f206ff0c","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-secretary-of-the-interior","toId":"us-director-of-the-marine-minerals-administration","metadata":{"source":"mirrors BOEM/BSEE director mechanics (SO 3451)"},"seatsAppointed":1},"6236f25e":{"id":"6236f25e","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-secretary-of-the-navy","toId":"us-chief-of-naval-research","metadata":{"url":"https://www.war.gov/News/Releases/Release/Article/3377915/flag-officer-assignments/","cite":"DoD news release, Flag Officer Assignments, Apr. 28, 2023","note":"10 U.S.C. 8022 (fetched; the scaffold's cite) establishes the Office of Naval Research and is silent on who fills the Chief of Naval Research position; the only reporting-line clause is 8022(d): 'The Office of Naval Research shall perform its duties under the authority of the Secretary, and its orders are considered as coming from the Secretary.' Pub. L. 114-328 (2016) struck the former 8022(a)(2) rank clause ('an officer, while serving in the Office of Naval Research as Chief of Naval Research, has the rank of rear admiral'). The announcement is a joint SECNAV/CNO flag assignment release, so it evidences the Department of the Navy assigning the position, not a clause naming the Secretary alone; reviewer may prefer to record the appointer as 'Secretary of the Navy and Chief of Naval Operations'. Caveat: in Oct. 2025 a civilian, Rachel Riley, was installed as acting Chief of Naval Research (Navy Times, Oct. 30, 2025; USNI News, Oct. 30, 2025); no primary Navy release naming the appointing officer was found (navy.mil/onr.navy.mil/secnav.navy.mil return 403 or block pages; SECNAVINST 5430.7R could not be retrieved). Wrong URL trail: the war.gov page carries a 'historical collection' banner but is the DoD release archive.","basis":"announcement","issue":"243","quote":"The secretary of the Navy and chief of naval operations announced the following assignments: [...] Rear Adm. (lower half) Kurt J. Rothenhaus will be assigned as chief of naval research, Arlington, Virginia.","source":"20260909_wave_appointer_cites"},"seatsAppointed":1},"d8c37095":{"id":"d8c37095","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-secretary-of-the-navy","toId":"us-president-of-the-naval-postgraduate-school","metadata":{"url":"https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title10-section8542&num=0&edition=prelim","cite":"10 U.S.C. 8542(a)","note":"The Secretary of the Navy selects a civilian President ((a)(1)(B)) or makes the assignment/detail of a military one ((a)(2) 'Before making an assignment, detail, or selection ... the Secretary shall'). Scaffold's cite 10 U.S.C. 8541 is the establishment section (fetched, silent on the President); the appointment clause is 8542. The pre-2006 text read 'The Secretary of the Navy shall detail as President of the Naval Postgraduate School an officer ...' (amendment note on the same page). Civilian selectees serve a term of not more than five years, renewable once ((a)(3)).","basis":"statute","issue":"243","quote":"(a)(1) The President of the Naval Postgraduate School shall be one of the following: (A) An active-duty officer of the Navy or Marine Corps in a grade not below the grade of captain or colonel, respectively, who is assigned or detailed to such position. (B) A civilian individual, including an individual who was retired from the Navy or Marine Corps in a grade not below captain, or colonel, respectively, who has the qualifications appropriate to the position of President and is selected by the Secretary of the Navy as the best qualified from among candidates for the position in accordance with- (i) the criteria specified in paragraph (4); (ii) a process determined by the Secretary; and (iii) other factors the Secretary considers essential. (2) Before making an assignment, detail, or selection of an individual for the position of President of the Naval Postgraduate School, the Secretary shall- (A) consult with the Board of Advisors for the Naval Postgraduate School; (B) consider any recommendation of the leadership and faculty of the Naval Postgraduate School regarding the assignment or selection to that position; and (C) consider the recommendations of the Chief of Naval Operations and the Commandant of the Marine Corps.","source":"20260909_wave_appointer_cites"},"seatsAppointed":1},"5432b4c1":{"id":"5432b4c1","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-secretary-of-the-treasury","toId":"us-director-of-the-community-development-financial-institutions-fund","metadata":{"url":"https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/rr2106","cite":"Treasury press release rr2106, 1997-12-11, 'Secretary Rubin Announces New CDFI Director and Recognizes CDFI Awardees'","note":"The statute names a different office. 12 U.S.C. 4703(b)(1): 'The management of the Fund shall be vested in an Administrator, who shall be appointed by the President.' (Senate confirmation removed by Pub. L. 112-166 sec. 2(w), 2012). But the note under 4703, Pub. L. 104-134, title I, sec. 101(e) [title III] (1996): 'notwithstanding any other provision of law, for purposes of administering the Community Development Financial Institutions Fund, the Secretary of the Treasury shall have all powers and rights of the Administrator of the CDBFI Act [12 U.S.C. 4701 et seq.] and the Fund shall be within the Department of the Treasury.' (https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title12-section4703&num=0&edition=prelim). The Director is therefore a Treasury SES position, not the statutory Administrator: CDFI Fund job posting 2023-05-31 says the Director 'reports to the Deputy Assistant Secretary for Community and Economic Development' (https://www.cdfifund.gov/news/524). Second announcement, Treasury hp227, 2007-01-18: 'U.S. Treasury Secretary Henry M. Paulson today announced the appointment of Kimberly A. Reed as the new director of the Treasury Department's Community Development Financial Institutions (CDFI) Fund.' (https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/hp227). If the graph wants the statutory Administrator, that is the President.","basis":"announcement","issue":"243","quote":"Treasury Secretary Robert E. Rubin announced today the appointment of Ellen West Lazar as Director of Treasury's Community Development Financial Institutions (CDFI) Fund.","source":"20260909_wave_appointer_cites"},"seatsAppointed":1},"7c9af489":{"id":"7c9af489","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-secretary-of-the-treasury","toId":"us-director-of-the-financial-crimes-enforcement-network","metadata":{"url":"https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title31-section310&num=0&edition=prelim","cite":"31 U.S.C. 310(b)(1)","note":"31 U.S.C. 310(a): FinCEN 'established by order of the Secretary of the Treasury (Treasury Order Numbered 105-08 ...) on April 25, 1990, shall be a bureau in the Department of the Treasury.' 31 U.S.C. 312(a)(7)(A): FinCEN 'shall report to the Undersecretary for Terrorism and Financial Crimes.'","basis":"statute","issue":"243","quote":"The head of FinCEN shall be the Director, who shall be appointed by the Secretary of the Treasury.","source":"20260909_wave_appointer_cites"},"seatsAppointed":1},"7c67730a":{"id":"7c67730a","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-secretary-of-the-treasury","toId":"us-director-of-the-office-of-foreign-assets-control","metadata":{"url":"https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/js1962","cite":"Treasury press release js1962, 2004-09-28, 'Secretary Snow Names Bob Werner as New OFAC Director'","note":"Statute is silent on the appointer. 31 U.S.C. 312(a)(6)(C) (fetched from uscode.house.gov) only places the office: 'The Office of Foreign Assets Control (in this section referred to as the \"OFAC\"), which shall report directly to the Undersecretary for Terrorism and Financial Crimes.' The task hint's 31 U.S.C. 315 is 'Continuing in office' (a renumbered general provision), not OFAC. Second announcement, Treasury hp39, 2006-08-01: 'U.S. Treasury Secretary Henry M. Paulson has named Adam Szubin as the new Director of the Treasury's Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC).' (https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/hp39). No Treasury Order naming the OFAC Director's appointer was found (Treasury Order 180-01 is FinCEN).","basis":"announcement","issue":"243","quote":"Treasury Secretary John Snow announced today that Robert Werner will be the new Director of the Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC).","source":"20260909_wave_appointer_cites"},"seatsAppointed":1},"ab534b5f":{"id":"ab534b5f","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-secretary-of-the-treasury","toId":"us-national-taxpayer-advocate","metadata":{"url":"https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title26-section7803&num=0&edition=prelim","cite":"26 U.S.C. 7803(c)(1)(B)(ii)","note":"The scaffold proposed the Commissioner; the statute gives the appointment to the Secretary of the Treasury, with the Commissioner only consulted. Reporting line, 7803(c)(1)(B)(i): 'The National Taxpayer Advocate shall report directly to the Commissioner of Internal Revenue...'. The Commissioner's role is consultation, not appointment; if the graph wants the Commissioner tied to this office it should be a reporting edge, not appoints.","basis":"statute","issue":"243","quote":"The National Taxpayer Advocate shall be appointed by the Secretary of the Treasury after consultation with the Commissioner of Internal Revenue and the Oversight Board and without regard to the provisions of title 5, United States Code, relating to appointments in the competitive service or the Senior Executive Service.","source":"20260909_wave_appointer_cites","repointed_from":"us-commissioner-of-internal-revenue","repointed_reason":"complete-government scaffold proposed this appointer; the cited clause names another"},"seatsAppointed":1},"a401b141":{"id":"a401b141","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-secretary-of-transportation","toId":"us-director-of-the-bureau-of-transportation-statistics","metadata":{"cite":"49 U.S.C. 6302(b)(1)","note":"\"The Bureau shall be headed by a Director, who shall be appointed in the competitive service by the Secretary\"","basis":"statute","source":"phase-d1 2026-09-06"},"seatsAppointed":1},"9d7c5d4c":{"id":"9d7c5d4c","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-secretary-of-transportation","toId":"us-superintendent-of-the-united-states-merchant-marine-academy","metadata":{"cite":"46 U.S.C. 51301(c)(2)","note":"\"The Secretary of Transportation shall appoint as the Superintendent\"; immediate command subject to the direction of the Maritime Administrator (51301(c)(1))","basis":"statute","source":"phase-d1 2026-09-06"},"seatsAppointed":1},"a0f44a2c":{"id":"a0f44a2c","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-commissioner-of-food-and-drugs","toId":"us-director-of-the-center-for-tobacco-products","metadata":{"url":"https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title21-section387a&num=0&edition=prelim","cite":"21 U.S.C. 387a(e)","note":"No clause names the appointer. Staged on the reporting line: the statute puts the Center under the Commissioner, and FDA's own vacancy notice for the post (2022-01-27) says \"The leadership role of the Director, Center for Tobacco Products reports directly to the U.S. FDA Commissioner\" (a Senior Executive Service position). Commissioner Califf's 2022 statement selecting Brian King survives only as trade-press quotation of a post, so it is not cited here.","basis":"reporting_line","issue":"243","quote":"the Secretary shall establish within the Food and Drug Administration the Center for Tobacco Products, which shall report to the Commissioner of Food and Drugs in the same manner as the other agency centers within the Food and Drug Administration. The Center shall be responsible for the implementation of this subchapter and related matters assigned by the Commissioner.","source":"20260909_wave_appointer_cites"},"seatsAppointed":1},"3f876823":{"id":"3f876823","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-commissioner-of-food-and-drugs","toId":"us-director-of-the-fda-office-of-women-s-health","metadata":{"url":"https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title21-section399b&num=0&edition=prelim","cite":"21 U.S.C. 399b(a)","note":"Scaffold cite confirmed.","basis":"statute","issue":"243","quote":"There is established within the Office of the Commissioner, an office to be known as the Office of Women's Health (referred to in this section as the \"Office\"). The Office shall be headed by a director who shall be appointed by the Commissioner of Food and Drugs.","source":"20260909_wave_appointer_cites"},"seatsAppointed":1},"e42dffea":{"id":"e42dffea","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-commissioner-of-food-and-drugs","toId":"us-director-of-the-office-of-pediatric-therapeutics","metadata":{"url":"https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title21-section393a&num=0&edition=prelim","cite":"21 U.S.C. 393a(a)","note":"No clause names a Director or an appointer. Staged on the reporting line: FDA places the Office under the Office of the Chief Medical Officer within the Office of the Commissioner. No FDA announcement of a named appointment to the post was found.","basis":"reporting_line","issue":"243","quote":"The Secretary of Health and Human Services shall establish an Office of Pediatric Therapeutics within the Food and Drug Administration.","source":"20260909_wave_appointer_cites"},"seatsAppointed":1},"e2aabbc1":{"id":"e2aabbc1","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-commissioner-of-food-and-drugs","toId":"us-director-of-the-oncology-center-of-excellence","metadata":{"url":"https://cancerhistoryproject.com/article/statement-from-fda-commissioner-robert-califf-m-d-announcing-fda-oncology-center-of-excellence-launch/","cite":"Statement from FDA Commissioner Robert Califf, M.D. announcing FDA Oncology Center of Excellence launch, Jan. 19, 2017 (FDA press announcement ucm537564)","note":"CAUTION on the URL: the quote was fetched from the Cancer History Project's verbatim reproduction of the FDA statement, which cites the FDA original at https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm537564.htm (archived at https://wayback.archive-it.org/7993/20190425032614/https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm537564.htm). The fda.gov URL now 404s and archive-it returned 'Rate limit reached' on every attempt today; a reviewer should re-fetch the archive-it copy before relying on this. Statute 21 U.S.C. 399g(a) (fetched https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title21-section399g&num=0&edition=prelim): 'The Secretary shall establish one or more Intercenter Institutes within the Food and Drug Administration' - names neither a director nor an appointer. The statement is issued in the Commissioner's name ('Statement from FDA Commissioner Robert Califf') and uses the agency as the appointing actor.","basis":"announcement","issue":"243","quote":"Today the U.S. Food and Drug Administration is establishing the Oncology Center of Excellence (OCE) and appointing Dr. Richard Pazdur as its director.","source":"20260909_wave_appointer_cites"},"seatsAppointed":1},"7c577dec":{"id":"7c577dec","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-administrator-of-general-services","toId":"us-chairman-of-the-civilian-board-of-contract-appeals","metadata":{"cite":"41 U.S.C. 7105(b)(2)(A); GSA directive 9271.1C ADM (2022-07-13), Procedures for Selection and Appointment of Civilian Board of Contract Appeals Members, Chair, and Vice Chair","note":"members \"appointed by the Administrator of General Services\"; the Administrator's directive prescribes \"selection and appointment procedures for Members of the Civilian Board of Contract Appeals and the Chair and Vice Chair(s)\"","basis":"instrument","source":"phase-d1 2026-09-06"},"seatsAppointed":1},"b77804f4":{"id":"b77804f4","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-administrator-of-the-health-resources-and-services-administration","toId":"us-director-of-the-office-of-rural-health-policy","metadata":{"url":"https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2021-01-21/html/2021-01227.htm","cite":"42 U.S.C. 912(a); HRSA Statement of Organization, Functions, and Delegations of Authority, 86 FR 6344 (2021-01-21), chapter RH","note":"No clause names the appointer. 42 U.S.C. 912(a) establishes the Office in the Department and gives it a Director who advises the Secretary, without saying who appoints. Staged on the reporting line in HRSA's organization notice. Separately, the office's head carries the title Associate Administrator for Rural Health Policy at HRSA, not Director: a name mismatch of the #244 class.","basis":"reporting_line","issue":"243","quote":"The Federal Office of Rural Health Policy (RH) is headed by the Associate Administrator, who reports directly to the Administrator, HRSA.","source":"20260909_wave_appointer_cites"},"seatsAppointed":1},"f5b6ab40":{"id":"f5b6ab40","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-commissioner-of-internal-revenue","toId":"us-chief-of-appeals-of-the-internal-revenue-service","metadata":{"url":"https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title26-section7803&num=0&edition=prelim","cite":"26 U.S.C. 7803(e)(2)(B)","note":"7803(e)(2)(A): 'The Internal Revenue Service Independent Office of Appeals shall be under the supervision and direction of an official to be known as the \"Chief of Appeals\". The Chief of Appeals shall report directly to the Commissioner of Internal Revenue...'","basis":"statute","issue":"243","quote":"The Chief of Appeals shall be appointed by the Commissioner of Internal Revenue without regard to the provisions of title 5, United States Code, relating to appointments in the competitive service or the Senior Executive Service.","source":"20260909_wave_appointer_cites"},"seatsAppointed":1},"97db2924":{"id":"97db2924","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-commissioner-of-internal-revenue","toId":"us-director-of-the-irs-whistleblower-office","metadata":{"url":"https://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-news/ir-07-025.pdf","cite":"IRS News Release IR-2007-25 (Feb. 2, 2007)","note":"No statute names the appointer. The creating provision is uncodified: Pub. L. 109-432, div. A, title IV, sec. 406(b)(1), set out as a note under 26 U.S.C. 7623 (fetched at https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title26-section7623&num=0&edition=prelim): 'the Secretary of the Treasury shall issue guidance for the operation of a whistleblower program to be administered in the Internal Revenue Service by an office to be known as the 'Whistleblower Office' which- (A) shall at all times operate at the direction of the Commissioner of Internal Revenue...'. It does not mention a Director. IRM 1.1.26.1.3.1(2) (https://www.irs.gov/irm/part1/irm_01-001-026): 'The Director, who reports to the Commissioner and to the Chief Tax Compliance Officer, has primary supervisory responsibility for the Whistleblower Office'. General authority, 26 U.S.C. 7804(a) (fetched at https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title26-section7804&num=0&edition=prelim): 'Unless otherwise prescribed by the Secretary, the Commissioner of Internal Revenue is authorized to employ such number of persons as the Commissioner deems proper for the administration and enforcement of the internal revenue laws'. Caveat: the 2007 release attributes the naming to 'the Internal Revenue Service' and quotes the Commissioner; it does not say 'the Commissioner appointed'. The May 2022 selection of John W. Hinman was reported by secondary sources only; the irs.gov page https://www.irs.gov/about-irs/the-irs-whistleblower-office carries only Hinman's own July 21, 2022 statement and names no appointer.","basis":"announcement","issue":"243","quote":"The Internal Revenue Service today named Stephen A. Whitlock as director of its new Whistleblower Office, where he will be responsible for administering the program designed to receive information that helps uncover tax cheating and to provide appropriate rewards to whistleblowers. \"This is an important new office at the IRS, and Steve brings a strong background in ethics and tax issues to help get this program off to a good start,\" said IRS Commissioner Mark W. Everson.","source":"20260909_wave_appointer_cites"},"seatsAppointed":1},"51c8a44d":{"id":"51c8a44d","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-librarian-of-congress","toId":"us-chief-copyright-royalty-judge","metadata":{"url":"https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title17-section801&num=0&edition=prelim","cite":"17 U.S.C. 801(a)","note":"17 U.S.C. 802(c) sets the Chief Judge's 6-year term and 802(d)(1) has the Librarian fill vacancies; neither changes the appointer. Scaffold cite '17 U.S.C. 801, three full' is 801(a).","basis":"statute","issue":"243","quote":"The Librarian of Congress shall appoint 3 full-time Copyright Royalty Judges, and shall appoint 1 of the 3 as the Chief Copyright Royalty Judge. The Librarian shall make appointments to such positions after consultation with the Register of Copyrights.","source":"20260909_wave_appointer_cites"},"seatsAppointed":1},"26c4da95":{"id":"26c4da95","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-librarian-of-congress","toId":"us-executive-director-of-the-congressional-office-for-international-leadership","metadata":{"url":"https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title2-section1151&num=0&edition=prelim","cite":"2 U.S.C. 1151(d)","note":"The Board of Trustees (2 U.S.C. 1151(b)(2): 'The Office shall be subject to the supervision and direction of a Board of Trustees') supervises the Executive Director but the statute makes the Librarian the appointing officer. A 2020 note on the page deems the Open World Leadership Center's executive director 'to have been appointed by the Librarian of Congress' on the renaming.","basis":"statute","issue":"243","quote":"On behalf of the Board, the Librarian of Congress shall appoint an Executive Director who shall be the chief executive officer of the Office and who shall carry out the functions of the Office subject to the supervision and direction of the Board of Trustees.","source":"20260909_wave_appointer_cites"},"seatsAppointed":1},"e7ed8e75":{"id":"e7ed8e75","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-librarian-of-congress","toId":"us-register-of-copyrights","metadata":{"url":"https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title17-section701&num=0&edition=prelim","cite":"17 U.S.C. 701(a)","note":"Scaffold carried no cite; 17 U.S.C. 701(a) is the creating clause. The sentence before it makes the Register 'director of the Copyright Office of the Library of Congress'.","basis":"statute","issue":"243","quote":"The Register of Copyrights, together with the subordinate officers and employees of the Copyright Office, shall be appointed by the Librarian of Congress, and shall act under the Librarian's general direction and supervision.","source":"20260909_wave_appointer_cites"},"seatsAppointed":1},"ed58a7ce":{"id":"ed58a7ce","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-archivist-of-the-united-states","toId":"us-director-of-the-office-of-government-information-services","metadata":{"cite":"5 U.S.C. 552(h)(1); NARA 2016-11-23 (\"Archivist of the United States David S. Ferriero has announced the appointment of Alina M. Semo as Director of the Office of Government Information Services\"); NARA 2015-07-21 (James Holzer)","note":"statute establishes the Office within NARA and names its Director but no appointer; the Archivist announced the appointment","basis":"announcement","source":"phase-d1 2026-09-06"},"seatsAppointed":1},"c5d50bde":{"id":"c5d50bde","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-archivist-of-the-united-states","toId":"us-director-of-the-federal-register","metadata":{"url":"https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title44-section1502&num=0&edition=prelim","cite":"44 U.S.C. 1502","note":"Section 1502 is a single undivided paragraph (no subsection letter). Scaffold cite confirmed.","basis":"statute","issue":"243","quote":"There shall be at the head of the Office a director, appointed by, and who shall act under the general direction of, the Archivist of the United States in carrying out this chapter and the regulations prescribed under it.","source":"20260909_wave_appointer_cites"},"seatsAppointed":1},"b25e3e9d":{"id":"b25e3e9d","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-archivist-of-the-united-states","toId":"us-director-of-the-information-security-oversight-office","metadata":{"url":"https://www.archives.gov/isoo/policy-documents/cnsi-eo.html","cite":"Executive Order 13526, sec. 5.2(a) (Dec. 29, 2009)","note":"ISOO is created by executive order, not statute, so basis is instrument. The appointment requires the President's approval; the graph may want that as edge metadata. Sec. 5.2(b) puts the Director 'under the direction of the Archivist'.","basis":"instrument","issue":"243","quote":"There is established within the National Archives an Information Security Oversight Office. The Archivist shall appoint the Director of the Information Security Oversight Office, subject to the approval of the President.","source":"20260909_wave_appointer_cites"},"seatsAppointed":1},"30985dbe":{"id":"30985dbe","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-under-secretary-of-commerce-for-oceans-and-atmosphere-and-noaa-administrator","toId":"us-director-of-the-national-weather-service","metadata":{"cite":"15 U.S.C. 313; Reorganization Plan No. 4 of 1970; NOAA release 2022-06-07 (NOAA Administrator Spinrad selected Kenneth Graham as NWS director, approved by the Secretary of Commerce)","note":"weather functions vested in the Secretary of Commerce and exercised through NOAA; no statute names the Director; NOAA announced the selection by its Administrator","basis":"announcement","source":"phase-d1 2026-09-06"},"seatsAppointed":1},"5e1527f4":{"id":"5e1527f4","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-administrator-of-the-small-business-administration","toId":"us-chief-hearing-officer-of-the-small-business-administration","metadata":{"cite":"15 U.S.C. 634(i)(1)(C); 15 U.S.C. 633(b)(1)","note":"\"The head of the Office of Hearings and Appeals shall be the Chief Hearing Officer appointed under section 633(b)(1)\" (by the Administrator)","basis":"statute","source":"phase-d1 2026-09-06"},"seatsAppointed":1},"ac791df1":{"id":"ac791df1","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-chief-justice-of-the-united-states","toId":"us-judicial-panel-on-multidistrict-litigation-chair","metadata":{"cite":"28 U.S.C. 1407(d)"},"seatsAppointed":1},"f999c3a3":{"id":"f999c3a3","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-under-secretary-of-commerce-for-intellectual-property-and-director-of-the-united-states-patent-and-trademark-office","toId":"us-chief-administrative-patent-judge","metadata":{"url":"https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title35-section3&num=0&edition=prelim","cite":"35 U.S.C. 3(b)(3)(A)","note":"AMBIGUOUS; reviewer should weigh. No text names who selects the Chief Judge. 35 U.S.C. 6(a) (https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title35-section6&num=0&edition=prelim) covers only the judges: 'The administrative patent judges shall be persons of competent legal knowledge and scientific ability who are appointed by the Secretary, in consultation with the Director.' 37 C.F.R. 41.2 (eCFR API, title-37 part=41 section=41.2) mentions the Chief Administrative Patent Judge only as the official who decides petitions under 41.3. The Chief Judge is an SES officer of the Office, which is the class 3(b)(3)(A) covers, but every Chief Judge is also an APJ whose judgeship is the Secretary's appointment under 6(a). Announcement (USPTO bulletin, Mar. 13, 2019, https://content.govdelivery.com/accounts/USPTO/bulletins/2366cce): 'The United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) announced today the appointment of Scott Boalick as Chief Judge for the Patent Trial and Appeal Board (PTAB).' Director Iancu is quoted but the release does not say who appointed. The USAJOBS posting for the position (https://www.usajobs.gov/GetJob/ViewDetails/509462600) names only an unspecified 'Selecting Official'. Commerce DOO 10-14 (commerce.gov) returned 403. Boalick left in Sept. 2025; Kalyan Deshpande is Acting Chief Judge.","basis":"rule","issue":"243","quote":"(3) Other officers and employees.-The Director shall- (A) appoint such officers, employees (including attorneys), and agents of the Office as the Director considers necessary to carry out the functions of the Office; and (B) define the title, authority, and duties of such officers and employees and delegate to them such of the powers vested in the Office as the Director may determine.","source":"20260909_wave_appointer_cites"},"seatsAppointed":1},"2caa939f":{"id":"2caa939f","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-under-secretary-of-commerce-for-intellectual-property-and-director-of-the-united-states-patent-and-trademark-office","toId":"us-chief-administrative-trademark-judge","metadata":{"url":"https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title35-section3&num=0&edition=prelim","cite":"35 U.S.C. 3(b)(3)(A)","note":"AMBIGUOUS, weaker than the PTAB row: no announcement found. 15 U.S.C. 1067(b) (https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title15-section1067&num=0&edition=prelim): 'The Trademark Trial and Appeal Board shall include the Director, Deputy Director of the United States Patent and Trademark Office the Commissioner for Patents, the Commissioner for Trademarks, and administrative trademark judges who are appointed by the Secretary of Commerce, in consultation with the Director.' It says nothing about a Chief Judge. USPTO About TTAB page (https://www.uspto.gov/trademarks/trademark-trial-and-appeal-board/about-ttab): 'Administrative trademark judges are appointed by the Secretary of Commerce.' and 'The Acting Chief Administrative Trademark Judge is Christina Hieber.' Rogers bio (https://www.uspto.gov/about-us/executive-biographies/gerard-f-rogers): 'He was appointed to the position in November 2010 after serving a year as Acting Chief Judge.' (no appointer named). Searched uspto.gov news and the TBMP for a Chief Judge appointment clause; none found. The 3(b)(3)(A) general rule is the only text placing appointment of Office officers with the Director; the Chief Judge's underlying judgeship is the Secretary's appointment.","basis":"rule","issue":"243","quote":"(3) Other officers and employees.-The Director shall- (A) appoint such officers, employees (including attorneys), and agents of the Office as the Director considers necessary to carry out the functions of the Office; and (B) define the title, authority, and duties of such officers and employees and delegate to them such of the powers vested in the Office as the Director may determine.","source":"20260909_wave_appointer_cites"},"seatsAppointed":1},"18d9c18c":{"id":"18d9c18c","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-commissioner-of-u-s-customs-and-border-protection","toId":"us-chief-of-the-united-states-border-patrol","metadata":{"cite":"6 U.S.C. 211(e)(2); DHS FR doc. 2024-25363 (2024-10-30): PRBs recommend to \"the appointing authority (i.e., Component Head)\"; DHS MD 3030.1 sec. IV.A","note":"statute creates the office reporting to the Commissioner; the Commissioner is the component head, DHS's appointing authority for CBP senior executives (Acting Commissioner Miller, 2023-06-09: \"Chief Jason Owens will be appointed as the next Chief of the U.S. Border Patrol\")","basis":"rule","source":"phase-d1 2026-09-06"},"seatsAppointed":1},"12cba3ce":{"id":"12cba3ce","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-commissioner-of-u-s-customs-and-border-protection","toId":"us-executive-assistant-commissioner-for-air-and-marine-operations","metadata":{"cite":"6 U.S.C. 211(f)(2); DHS FR doc. 2024-25363 (2024-10-30): PRBs recommend to \"the appointing authority (i.e., Component Head)\"; DHS MD 3030.1 sec. IV.A","note":"statute creates the office reporting to the Commissioner; the Commissioner is the component head, DHS's appointing authority for CBP senior executives (Acting Commissioner Miller, 2023-06-09: \"Chief Jason Owens will be appointed as the next Chief of the U.S. Border Patrol\")","basis":"rule","source":"phase-d1 2026-09-06"},"seatsAppointed":1},"ed2240a0":{"id":"ed2240a0","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-commissioner-of-u-s-customs-and-border-protection","toId":"us-executive-assistant-commissioner-for-field-operations","metadata":{"cite":"6 U.S.C. 211(g)(2); DHS FR doc. 2024-25363 (2024-10-30): PRBs recommend to \"the appointing authority (i.e., Component Head)\"; DHS MD 3030.1 sec. IV.A","note":"statute creates the office reporting to the Commissioner; the Commissioner is the component head, DHS's appointing authority for CBP senior executives (Acting Commissioner Miller, 2023-06-09: \"Chief Jason Owens will be appointed as the next Chief of the U.S. Border Patrol\")","basis":"rule","source":"phase-d1 2026-09-06"},"seatsAppointed":1},"637ff0c8":{"id":"637ff0c8","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-commissioner-of-u-s-customs-and-border-protection","toId":"us-assistant-commissioner-cbp-office-of-intelligence","metadata":{"cite":"6 U.S.C. 211(h)(2); DHS FR doc. 2024-25363 (2024-10-30): PRBs recommend to \"the appointing authority (i.e., Component Head)\"; DHS MD 3030.1 sec. IV.A","note":"statute creates the office reporting to the Commissioner; the Commissioner is the component head, DHS's appointing authority for CBP senior executives (Acting Commissioner Miller, 2023-06-09: \"Chief Jason Owens will be appointed as the next Chief of the U.S. Border Patrol\")","basis":"rule","source":"phase-d1 2026-09-06"},"seatsAppointed":1},"33ebbc21":{"id":"33ebbc21","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-commissioner-of-u-s-customs-and-border-protection","toId":"us-assistant-commissioner-cbp-office-of-international-affairs","metadata":{"cite":"6 U.S.C. 211(i)(2); DHS FR doc. 2024-25363 (2024-10-30): PRBs recommend to \"the appointing authority (i.e., Component Head)\"; DHS MD 3030.1 sec. IV.A","note":"statute creates the office reporting to the Commissioner; the Commissioner is the component head, DHS's appointing authority for CBP senior executives (Acting Commissioner Miller, 2023-06-09: \"Chief Jason Owens will be appointed as the next Chief of the U.S. Border Patrol\")","basis":"rule","source":"phase-d1 2026-09-06"},"seatsAppointed":1},"d25cf234":{"id":"d25cf234","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-commissioner-of-u-s-customs-and-border-protection","toId":"us-assistant-commissioner-cbp-office-of-professional-responsibility","metadata":{"cite":"6 U.S.C. 211(j)(2); DHS FR doc. 2024-25363 (2024-10-30): PRBs recommend to \"the appointing authority (i.e., Component Head)\"; DHS MD 3030.1 sec. IV.A","note":"statute creates the office reporting to the Commissioner; the Commissioner is the component head, DHS's appointing authority for CBP senior executives (Acting Commissioner Miller, 2023-06-09: \"Chief Jason Owens will be appointed as the next Chief of the U.S. Border Patrol\")","basis":"rule","source":"phase-d1 2026-09-06"},"seatsAppointed":1},"c4e7a0f5":{"id":"c4e7a0f5","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-director-of-the-united-states-secret-service","toId":"us-chief-of-the-united-states-secret-service-uniformed-division","metadata":{"cite":"18 U.S.C. 3056A(a); USSS release 2025-05-13 (\"Director Sean M. Curran has appointed Richard H. Macauley as the 23rd Chief of the United States Secret Service Uniformed Division\")","note":"the Division performs \"such duties as the Director, United States Secret Service, may prescribe\"; the Director announced the appointment","basis":"announcement","source":"phase-d1 2026-09-06"},"seatsAppointed":1},"6c709347":{"id":"6c709347","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-director-of-u-s-immigration-and-customs-enforcement","toId":"us-director-of-the-cyber-crimes-center","metadata":{"cite":"6 U.S.C. 473(a)(1); DHS FR doc. 2024-25363 (2024-10-30): PRBs recommend to \"the appointing authority (i.e., Component Head)\"; DHS MD 3030.1 sec. IV.A","note":"\"The Secretary shall operate, within ... Homeland Security Investigations, a Cyber Crimes Center\"; no appointer named; the Center is an ICE office (headed by a Division Chief), so the appointing authority is the ICE component head","basis":"rule","source":"phase-d1 2026-09-06"},"seatsAppointed":1},"9cfa6e69":{"id":"9cfa6e69","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-director-of-u-s-immigration-and-customs-enforcement","toId":"us-unit-chief-child-exploitation-investigations-unit","metadata":{"cite":"6 U.S.C. 473(b)(1); DHS FR doc. 2024-25363 (2024-10-30): PRBs recommend to \"the appointing authority (i.e., Component Head)\"; DHS MD 3030.1 sec. IV.A","note":"\"The Secretary shall operate, within the Center, a ... Unit\"; no appointer named; unit chiefs are ICE positions, so the appointing authority is the ICE component head (ring-5 office; weakest DHS rows)","basis":"rule","source":"phase-d1 2026-09-06"},"seatsAppointed":1},"0e5673bb":{"id":"0e5673bb","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-director-of-u-s-immigration-and-customs-enforcement","toId":"us-unit-chief-computer-forensics-unit","metadata":{"cite":"6 U.S.C. 473(c)(1); DHS FR doc. 2024-25363 (2024-10-30): PRBs recommend to \"the appointing authority (i.e., Component Head)\"; DHS MD 3030.1 sec. IV.A","note":"\"The Secretary shall operate, within the Center, a ... Unit\"; no appointer named; unit chiefs are ICE positions, so the appointing authority is the ICE component head (ring-5 office; weakest DHS rows)","basis":"rule","source":"phase-d1 2026-09-06"},"seatsAppointed":1},"8b967b93":{"id":"8b967b93","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-director-of-u-s-immigration-and-customs-enforcement","toId":"us-unit-chief-cyber-crimes-unit","metadata":{"cite":"6 U.S.C. 473(d)(1); DHS FR doc. 2024-25363 (2024-10-30): PRBs recommend to \"the appointing authority (i.e., Component Head)\"; DHS MD 3030.1 sec. IV.A","note":"\"The Secretary shall operate, within the Center, a ... Unit\"; no appointer named; unit chiefs are ICE positions, so the appointing authority is the ICE component head (ring-5 office; weakest DHS rows)","basis":"rule","source":"phase-d1 2026-09-06"},"seatsAppointed":1},"47e17d40":{"id":"47e17d40","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-commandant-of-the-coast-guard","toId":"us-superintendent-of-the-united-states-coast-guard-academy","metadata":{"cite":"14 U.S.C. 1901","note":"\"The Commandant may select a superintendent from the active list of the Coast Guard who shall serve in the pleasure of the Commandant\"","basis":"statute","source":"phase-d1 2026-09-06"},"seatsAppointed":1},"11a66bdb":{"id":"11a66bdb","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-under-secretary-for-science-and-technology","toId":"us-director-of-the-national-urban-security-technology-laboratory","metadata":{"cite":"6 U.S.C. 195h(a); DHS FR doc. 2024-25363 (2024-10-30): PRBs recommend to \"the appointing authority (i.e., Component Head)\"; DHS MD 3030.1 sec. IV.A","note":"laboratory designated by \"the Secretary, acting through the Under Secretary for Science and Technology\"; no director named; the Under Secretary is the S&T component head. Weakest rule row: the laboratory director may sit below the SES the rule names","basis":"rule","source":"phase-d1 2026-09-06"},"seatsAppointed":1},"a1a2bdcf":{"id":"a1a2bdcf","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-chairman-of-the-joint-chiefs-of-staff","toId":"us-commandant-of-the-national-war-college","metadata":{"cite":"CJCSI 1801.01F, National Defense University Policy (Joint Staff, 14 Oct 2022), encl. C para 1.g; encl. B paras 2, 4.c, 6.h","note":"\"The commandants of the Eisenhower School, JFSC, and NWC are nominative positions filled by GO/FOs, usually in grade O-7 ... The Services fill these positions on a nominative basis to the CJCS through NDU-P\" (encl. C 1.g); the Service Chiefs nominate (encl. B 4.c), the NDU President recommends the nominees to the CJCS (encl. B 6.h), and the CJCS exercises \"authority, direction, and control of NDU on behalf of the SecDef\" (encl. B 2). 10 U.S.C. 2165(b)(1) lists the College and names no commandant. Public assignment releases are issued in the Service Secretary or Service Chief name, never the Secretary of Defense: Patrick 2024-03-01, Hurlbert 2021-04-07","basis":"instrument","source":"20260909_nwc_commandant"},"seatsAppointed":1},"3ab74fba":{"id":"3ab74fba","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-director-of-the-institute-of-education-sciences","toId":"us-commissioner-national-center-for-education-research","metadata":{"url":"https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title20-section9517&num=0&edition=prelim","cite":"20 U.S.C. 9517(a)(1)","note":"The scaffold's cite 20 U.S.C. 9531 only establishes the Research Center ('There is established in the Institute a National Center for Education Research') and is silent on the Commissioner; the appointment clause is in 9517. Subsection (b) carves out only the Commissioner for Education Statistics (appointed by the President). 9517(a)(3): 'each Commissioner shall report to the Director.' 9516(b)(12): the Board is 'To recommend to the Director individuals to serve as Commissioners of the National Education Centers.'","basis":"statute","issue":"243","quote":"Except as provided in subsection (b), each of the National Education Centers shall be headed by a Commissioner appointed by the Director. In appointing Commissioners, the Director shall seek to promote continuity in leadership of the National Education Centers and shall consider individuals recommended by the Board.","source":"20260909_wave_appointer_cites"},"seatsAppointed":1},"909a733f":{"id":"909a733f","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-director-of-the-institute-of-education-sciences","toId":"us-commissioner-national-center-for-education-evaluation-and-regional-assistance","metadata":{"url":"https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title20-section9517&num=0&edition=prelim","cite":"20 U.S.C. 9517(a)(1)","note":"The scaffold's cite 20 U.S.C. 9561 only establishes the center ('There is established in the Institute a National Center for Education Evaluation and Regional Assistance') and is silent on the Commissioner; the appointment clause is in 9517. The Commissioner for Education Statistics (9517(b)) is the only exception.","basis":"statute","issue":"243","quote":"Except as provided in subsection (b), each of the National Education Centers shall be headed by a Commissioner appointed by the Director. In appointing Commissioners, the Director shall seek to promote continuity in leadership of the National Education Centers and shall consider individuals recommended by the Board.","source":"20260909_wave_appointer_cites"},"seatsAppointed":1},"80f4226e":{"id":"80f4226e","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-director-of-the-institute-of-education-sciences","toId":"us-commissioner-national-center-for-special-education-research","metadata":{"url":"https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title20-section9517&num=0&edition=prelim","cite":"20 U.S.C. 9517(a)(1)","note":"The scaffold's cite 20 U.S.C. 9567 only establishes the center ('There is established in the Institute a National Center for Special Education Research') and is silent on the Commissioner; 9567(c) applies Part A (which includes 9517) 'to the Secretary, the Director, and the Commissioner in carrying out this part.' The appointment clause is 9517(a)(1).","basis":"statute","issue":"243","quote":"Except as provided in subsection (b), each of the National Education Centers shall be headed by a Commissioner appointed by the Director. In appointing Commissioners, the Director shall seek to promote continuity in leadership of the National Education Centers and shall consider individuals recommended by the Board.","source":"20260909_wave_appointer_cites"},"seatsAppointed":1},"8747f412":{"id":"8747f412","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-under-secretary-of-veterans-affairs-for-health","toId":"us-chief-officer-of-the-readjustment-counseling-service","metadata":{"url":"https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title38-section7309&num=0&edition=prelim","cite":"38 U.S.C. 7309(b)(2)","note":"7309(b)(1): 'The head of the Readjustment Counseling Service shall be the Chief Officer of the Readjustment Counseling Service (in this section referred to as the \"Chief Officer\"), who shall report directly to the Under Secretary for Health.'","basis":"statute","issue":"243","quote":"The Chief Officer shall be appointed by the Under Secretary for Health from among individuals who- (A)(i) are psychologists who hold a diploma as a doctorate in clinical or counseling psychology from an authority approved by the American Psychological Association and who have successfully undergone an internship approved by that association; (ii) are holders of a master in social work degree; or (iii) hold such other advanced degrees related to mental health as the Secretary considers appropriate;","source":"20260909_wave_appointer_cites"},"seatsAppointed":1},"8426e789":{"id":"8426e789","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-under-secretary-of-veterans-affairs-for-health","toId":"us-director-of-the-office-of-research-oversight","metadata":{"url":"https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title38-section7307&num=0&edition=prelim","cite":"38 U.S.C. 7307(b)(1)","note":"No clause names the appointer: 7307(b)(2) is passive (\"Any person appointed as Director shall be...\"), and Congress wrote \"appointed by the Under Secretary for Health\" for the sister offices (38 U.S.C. 7308(b), Office of Rural Health; 7309A(b)(2), Office of Patient Advocacy) but not here. Staged on the reporting line, which the statute makes undelegable.","basis":"reporting_line","issue":"243","quote":"The head of the Office shall be a Director, who shall report directly to the Under Secretary for Health (without delegation).","source":"20260909_wave_appointer_cites"},"seatsAppointed":1},"854be0bb":{"id":"854be0bb","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-under-secretary-of-veterans-affairs-for-health","toId":"us-director-of-the-office-of-rural-health","metadata":{"url":"https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title38-section7308&num=0&edition=prelim","cite":"38 U.S.C. 7308(b)","note":"The statute says 'Under Secretary of Health' (sic); the office's title in 38 U.S.C. 7306 is Under Secretary for Health. 7308(a) places the Office 'within the Office of the Under Secretary for Health'.","basis":"statute","issue":"243","quote":"(b) Head.-The Director of the Office of Rural Health shall be the head of the Office. The Director of the Office of Rural Health shall be appointed by the Under Secretary of Health from among individuals qualified to perform the duties of the position.","source":"20260909_wave_appointer_cites"},"seatsAppointed":1},"262e51cd":{"id":"262e51cd","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-under-secretary-of-veterans-affairs-for-health","toId":"us-director-of-the-office-of-patient-advocacy","metadata":{"url":"https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title38-section7309A&num=0&edition=prelim","cite":"38 U.S.C. 7309A(b)(2)","note":"7309A(a) establishes the Office 'within the Office of the Under Secretary for Health'; 7309A(b)(1): 'The Director of the Office of Patient Advocacy shall be the head of the Office.'","basis":"statute","issue":"243","quote":"The Director of the Office of Patient Advocacy shall be appointed by the Under Secretary for Health from among individuals qualified to perform the duties of the position and shall report directly to the Under Secretary for Health.","source":"20260909_wave_appointer_cites"},"seatsAppointed":1},"04406dca":{"id":"04406dca","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-secretary-of-the-smithsonian-institution","toId":"us-director-of-the-smithsonian-american-art-museum","metadata":{"cite":"Bylaws of the Board of Regents sec. 5.10 (Other Senior Officers) and sec. 5.04 (Secretary); 20 U.S.C. 46","note":"no bureau statute names a director; \"In consultation with the Board of Regents, the Secretary shall appoint such other senior officers and assign them such titles, duties, and responsibilities as may be necessary\"; \"the Secretary may employ assistants and shall prescribe and document the Institution's organization structure ... and delegations of authority\"","basis":"instrument","source":"phase-d1 2026-09-06"},"seatsAppointed":1},"cd814bf0":{"id":"cd814bf0","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-secretary-of-the-smithsonian-institution","toId":"us-director-of-the-national-air-and-space-museum","metadata":{"cite":"20 U.S.C. 77","note":"\"The Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, with the advice of the board, may appoint ... the head of a national air and space museum\"","basis":"statute","source":"phase-d1 2026-09-06"},"seatsAppointed":1},"7a8b0443":{"id":"7a8b0443","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-secretary-of-the-smithsonian-institution","toId":"us-director-of-the-national-museum-of-the-american-indian","metadata":{"cite":"20 U.S.C. 80q-4(a)","note":"\"The Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution shall appoint (1) a Director who, subject to the policies of the Board of Trustees, shall manage the National Museum\"","basis":"statute","source":"phase-d1 2026-09-06"},"seatsAppointed":1},"048f50b1":{"id":"048f50b1","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-secretary-of-the-smithsonian-institution","toId":"us-director-of-the-national-museum-of-african-american-history-and-culture","metadata":{"cite":"20 U.S.C. 80r-4(a)(1)","note":"\"The Museum shall have a Director who shall be appointed by the Secretary, taking into consideration individuals recommended by the Council\"","basis":"statute","source":"phase-d1 2026-09-06"},"seatsAppointed":1},"d8ad1c99":{"id":"d8ad1c99","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-secretary-of-the-smithsonian-institution","toId":"us-director-of-the-national-museum-of-the-american-latino","metadata":{"cite":"20 U.S.C. 80u(e)(1)(A)","note":"\"The Museum shall have a Director who shall be appointed by the Secretary in consultation with Board of Trustees\"","basis":"statute","source":"phase-d1 2026-09-06"},"seatsAppointed":1},"010f6762":{"id":"010f6762","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-secretary-of-the-smithsonian-institution","toId":"us-director-of-the-smithsonian-american-women-s-history-museum","metadata":{"cite":"20 U.S.C. 80t-3(a)(1)","note":"\"The Museum shall have a Director who shall be appointed by the Secretary, taking into consideration individuals recommended by the council\"","basis":"statute","source":"phase-d1 2026-09-06"},"seatsAppointed":1},"91ba3723":{"id":"91ba3723","type":"appoints","fromId":"us-secretary-of-the-smithsonian-institution","toId":"us-director-of-the-national-zoological-park","metadata":{"cite":"20 U.S.C. 81; Bylaws of the Board of Regents sec. 5.10 (Other Senior Officers) and sec. 5.04 (Secretary); 20 U.S.C. 46","note":"statute places the Park \"under the direction of the Regents\" and names no director; \"In consultation with the Board of Regents, the Secretary shall appoint such other senior officers and assign them such titles, duties, and responsibilities as may be necessary\"; \"the Secretary may employ assistants and shall prescribe and document the Institution's organization structure ... and delegations of authority\"","basis":"instrument","source":"phase-d1 2026-09-06"},"seatsAppointed":1}},"constituency":"us-electorate","elected":["us-congress","us-the-house-of-representatives","us-the-senate","us-president-of-the-united-states","us-vice-president-of-the-united-states"],"commissions":["us-commodity-futures-trading-commission","us-consumer-financial-protection-bureau","us-consumer-product-safety-commission","us-environmental-protection-agency","us-equal-employment-opportunity-commission","us-farm-credit-administration","us-federal-communications-commission","us-federal-deposit-insurance-corporation","us-federal-election-commission","us-federal-housing-finance-agency","us-federal-labor-relations-authority","us-federal-maritime-commission","us-federal-mine-safety-and-health-review-commission","us-federal-reserve-system","us-federal-trade-commission","us-merit-systems-protection-board","us-national-capital-planning-commission","us-national-credit-union-administration","us-national-labor-relations-board","us-national-mediation-board","us-national-transportation-safety-board","us-nuclear-regulatory-commission","us-occupational-safety-and-health-review-commission","us-postal-regulatory-commission","us-securities-and-exchange-commission","us-surface-transportation-board","us-united-states-international-trade-commission","us-united-states-sentencing-commission","us-election-assistance-commission","us-chemical-safety-and-hazard-investigation-board","us-judicial-conference-of-the-united-states"],"advisories":["us-administrative-conference-of-the-united-states","us-defense-nuclear-facilities-safety-board","us-united-states-commission-on-civil-rights","us-commission-of-fine-arts","us-united-states-commission-on-international-religious-freedom"],"departments":["us-united-states-international-development-finance-corporation","us-administrative-office-of-the-united-states-courts","us-american-printing-house-for-the-blind","us-architect-of-the-capitol","us-central-intelligence-agency","us-congressional-budget-office","us-corporation-for-national-and-community-service","us-department-of-agriculture","us-department-of-commerce","us-department-of-defense","us-department-of-education","us-department-of-energy","us-department-of-health-and-human-services","us-department-of-homeland-security","us-department-of-housing-and-urban-development","us-department-of-justice","us-department-of-labor","us-department-of-state","us-department-of-the-interior","us-department-of-the-treasury","us-department-of-transportation","us-department-of-veterans-affairs","us-export-import-bank-of-the-united-states","us-federal-judicial-center","us-federal-mediation-and-conciliation-service","us-federal-retirement-thrift-investment-board","us-gallaudet-university","us-general-services-administration","us-government-accountability-office","us-government-publishing-office","us-howard-university","us-inter-american-foundation","us-judicial-panel-on-multidistrict-litigation","us-legal-services-corporation","us-library-of-congress","us-national-aeronautics-and-space-administration","us-national-archives-and-records-administration","us-national-foundation-on-the-arts-and-the-humanities","us-national-railroad-passenger-corporation-amtrak","us-national-science-foundation","us-national-technical-institute-for-the-deaf-rochester-institute-of-technology","us-office-of-government-ethics","us-office-of-personnel-management","us-office-of-the-director-of-national-intelligence","us-peace-corps","us-pension-benefit-guaranty-corporation","us-railroad-retirement-board","us-selective-service-system","us-small-business-administration","us-smithsonian-institution","us-social-security-administration","us-state-justice-institute","us-tennessee-valley-authority","us-territorial-courts","us-the-executive-office-of-the-president","us-the-supreme-court-of-the-united-states","us-trade-and-development-agency","us-united-states-african-development-foundation","us-united-states-agency-for-global-media","us-united-states-botanic-garden","us-united-states-court-of-appeals-for-the-armed-forces","us-united-states-court-of-appeals-for-the-federal-circuit","us-united-states-court-of-appeals-for-veterans-claims","us-united-states-court-of-federal-claims","us-united-states-court-of-international-trade","us-united-states-courts-of-appeals","us-united-states-district-courts","us-united-states-holocaust-memorial-museum","us-united-states-institute-of-peace","us-united-states-office-of-special-counsel","us-united-states-postal-service","us-united-states-tax-court","us-millennium-challenge-corporation","us-neighborhood-reinvestment-corporation","us-privacy-and-civil-liberties-oversight-board","us-american-battle-monuments-commission","us-armed-forces-retirement-home","us-court-services-and-offender-supervision-agency","us-international-boundary-and-water-commission-us-section","us-presidio-trust","us-japan-united-states-friendship-commission","us-abilityone-commission","us-advisory-council-on-historic-preservation","us-national-council-on-disability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